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Original draft[edit]

[[File:Vault Protector Coin made by Board of Works Mint.png|thumb|right|A Vault Protector coin made by the [[Ministry of Works (imperial China)|Ministry of Public Works]] Mint in [[Beijing]].]] '''Vault Protector coins''' ([[Traditional Chinese]]: 鎮庫錢; [[Simplified Chinese]]: 镇库钱; [[Pinyin]]: ''zhèn kù qián'') were a type of [[Chinese numismatic charm]] coins created by Chinese mints. These coins were significantly larger, heavier and thicker than regular cash coins and were well-made as they were designed to occupy a special place within the treasury of the mint.<ref name="at151">{{cite web|title=0151 清 “宝源局造”背“镇库”|url=http://auction.artron.net/paimai-art0021790151/|website=雅昌艺术网|accessdate=2017-12-25}}</ref> The treasury had a spirit hall for offerings to the gods of the Chinese pantheon, and Vault Protector coins would be hung with red silk and tassels for the [[Chinese God of Wealth]].<ref name="KedoVaultProtectorCoins">{{cite web|url= http://ask.kedo.gov.cn/c/2015-08-21/811081.shtml|title= 收藏迷带你深度游钱币博物馆.|date=21 August 2015|accessdate=14 January 2020|author= GarryKao|publisher= 蝌蚪五线谱|language=zh-cn}}</ref> These coins were believed to have charm-like magical powers that would protect the vault while bringing wealth and fortune to the treasury.<ref name="PrimaltrekVaultProtectorCoins">{{cite web|url= http://primaltrek.com/blog/2015/06/10/vault-protector-coins/|title= Vault Protector Coins.|date=10 June 2015|accessdate=12 January 2020|work= Gary Ashkenazy / גארי אשכנזי (Primaltrek – a journey through Chinese culture)}}</ref><ref name="CooleCoins">"Coins in China's History", published in 1936 by Arthur B. Coole (邱文明).</ref> Vault protector coins were produced for over a thousand years starting in the country of [[Southern Tang]] during the [[Five Dynasties and Ten Kingdoms period]] and were produced until the [[Qing dynasty]].<ref name="KKNewsVaultProtectorCoins1">{{cite web|url= https://kknews.cc/zh-tw/culture/e9b4rmy.html|title= 中國古代花錢：鎮庫錢，古代錢幣文化寶庫中的一顆明珠.|date=23 December 2016|accessdate=15 January 2020|author= Unlisted|publisher= KKNews|language=zh-tw}}</ref> Vault protector coins were typically cast to commemorate the opening of new furnaces for casting [[Cash (Chinese coin)|cash coins]].<ref name="KKNewsVaultProtectorCoins1"/> == History == === Early history === There is some speculation by the Chinese numismatist [[Guan Hanheng]] (關漢亨) that an enormous silver [[Ban Liang]] [[Cash (Chinese coin)|cash coin]] manufactured by the [[Qin (state)|Kingdom of Qin]] in the year 336 BC had been cast to serve as some form of [[vault]] protector.<ref name="PrimaltrekSilverBanLiang">{{cite web|url= http://primaltrek.com/blog/2015/04/29/state-of-qin-silver-banliang-coin/|title= State of Qin Silver Banliang Coin.|date=29 April 2015|accessdate=12 January 2020|work= Gary Ashkenazy / גארי אשכנזי (Primaltrek – a journey through Chinese culture)|language=en}}</ref> In his book ''Ban Liang Huobi Tushou'' (半兩貨幣圖說), Guan argues that large silver Ban Liang was "cast in 336 BC to commemorate the firing of the furnaces that began production of the first Ban Liang cash coins of the Qin state" and that the large silver Ban Liang cash coin did not see any circulation as it was a [[Commemorative coin|commemorative issue]].<ref name="PrimaltrekSilverBanLiang"/> === Southern Tang === {{See also|Southern Tang coinage}} The earliest known vault protector coin known to exist is the ''Da-Tang Zhenku'' (大唐鎮庫) which translates as "the Vault Protector of the Tang Dynasty" and was cast during the Baoda period of [[Li Jing (Southern Tang)|Li Jing]].<ref>{{cite web|author=徐长林 |url=http://www.jibi.net/News/zpsx/8_29_16_683.html |title=雍正通宝镇库钱 |publisher=中国集币在线-中国商报收藏拍卖导报 |date=2012-07-12}}</ref><ref name="PrimaltrekVaultProtectorCoins"/> The diameter of these Datang Zhenku vault protector coins is 6 cm, and they have a thickness of 0.6 cm, the diameter of the square center hole is 1.24 cm and the Datang Zhenku coin weighs 93.7 grams.<ref name="PrimaltrekVaultProtectorCoins"/> Only one of these vault protector coins is known to exist and it was owned by a [[Coin collecting|coin-collector]] from the city of [[Tianjin]] named Fang Yaoyu (方藥雨) during the beginning of the twentieth century and it was later owned by another private coin-collector called Chen Rentao (陳仁濤) before it ended up in the collection of the [[National Museum of China]] during the 1950s.<ref>{{cite web|title=半两镇库钱|url=http://www.chnmuseum.cn/tabid/212/Default.aspx?AntiqueLanguageID=5641&ShowType=Image&ShowType2=Use|website=中国国家博物馆|accessdate=2017-12-25}}{{Dead link|date=2018年6月 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=no |lang=zh-cn}}</ref><ref>[[Google Books]] - [https://books.google.nl/books?id=UI3_-7dMPIoC&pg=PA389&lpg=PA389&dq=%22fang+yaoyu%22&source=bl&ots=hqp_JVHvvH&sig=jN1mqWNDn5FU7QQ84WQmCwYCiKA&hl=en&sa=X&redir_esc=y#v=onepage&q=%22fang%20yaoyu%22&f=false The Zhangs from Nanxun: A One Hundred and Fifty Year Chronicle of a Chinese Family] by Laurence Chang. Retrieved: 16 September 2018.</ref> === Qing dynasty === {{See also|Qing dynasty coinage}} [[File:Vault Protector Coin of the Qing Dynasty.png|thumb|left|A Da-Qing Zhenku (大清鎮庫) vault protector coin of the [[Qing dynasty]].]] ==== Shunzhi era ==== '''For the record, this is the first section I had completely written using Google's Android operating system on Wikipedia.''' Following the [[Manchu people|Manchu]] takeover of [[Beijing]] in 1644, the [[Qing dynasty]] established new mints in the city. Almost immediately did the Qing start imitating [[Ming dynasty coinage]], including vault protector coins.<ref name="KKNewsVaultProtectorCoins2">{{cite web|url= https://kknews.cc/collect/jbzlg8q.html|title= 清代鎮庫錢之順治通寶.|date=20 July 2018|accessdate=15 January 2020|author= Unlisted|publisher= KKNews|language=zh-tw}}</ref> Two central government mints were opened in Beijing and they began to cast the [[Shunzhi Tongbao]] (順治通寶) cash coins closely modeled after the cash coins of the preceding Ming dynasty.<ref name="KKNewsVaultProtectorCoins2"/> A special Shunzhi Tongbao vault protector coin was cast that was 6 centimeters in diameter and contained the [[Manchu alphabet|Manchu]] reverse inscription "Boo Yuwan" ({{ManchuSibeUnicode|ᠪᠣᠣ<br>ᠶᡠᠸᠠᠨ}}).<ref name="KKNewsVaultProtectorCoins2"/> Another variant of this vault protector coin exists which has the [[Chinese character]] "工" on the right side next to its square centre hole on its reverse side.<ref name="KKNewsVaultProtectorCoins2"/> ==== Xianfeng era ==== The [[Leizhou City Museum]] (雷州市博物館) in the city of [[Leizhou]], [[Guangdong]] and the [[Palace Museum]] in Beijing both own a Qing dynasty era [[Xianfeng Tongbao]] (咸豐通寶) vault protector coin.<ref name="PrimaltrekVaultProtectorCoins"/> The reverse inscription of this vault protector coin reads Da-Qing Zhenku (大清鎮庫, which could be translated into [[English language|English]] as "Vault Protector of the Qing dynasty").<ref name="PrimaltrekVaultProtectorCoins"/> These coins have a diameter of 14 centimeters.<ref name="PrimaltrekVaultProtectorCoins"/> The square centre hole is 2.5 centimeters in diameter, the vault protector coin weighs 1.05 kilograms.<ref name="PrimaltrekVaultProtectorCoins"/> Only 5 of these vault protector coins were ever produced and during the beginning of the [[Republic of China (1912–1949)|Republic of China]], a [[eunuch]] had stolen all of them, the aforementioned two cash coins remained in China while the eunuch sold the other 3 Xianfeng Tongbao vault protector coins for what was purported to be "a large amount of money" to a [[United Kingdom|British]] man.<ref name="PrimaltrekVaultProtectorCoins"/> A description of this vault protector coin also appears in the book "Zhongguo Guqian Daji" (中國古錢大集) written by [[Hua Guangpu]] (華光普), where it is valued as being worth 1.200.000 [[Renminbi|yuan]].<ref name="XianfengTongbaoVaultProtectorCoin">{{cite web|url= http://blog.sina.cn/dpool/blog/s/blog_681f6b1e0100u4fo.html|title= 雷州市博物馆藏的“大清镇库、咸丰通宝”大铜钱.|date=13 November 2011|accessdate=14 January 2020|author= 李龙|publisher= [[Sina Weibo]]|language=zh-cn}}</ref> The Leizhou City Museum came in possession of this coin during the 1950s, prior to this it was privately owned.<ref name="XianfengTongbaoVaultProtectorCoin"/> During the Xianfeng era another type of vault protector coins was cast by the [[Ministry of Works (imperial China)|Ministry of Public Works]] with the obverse inscription Baoyuan Juzao (寶源局造, which could be translated as "made by the Ministry of Public Works").<ref name="ArtronBaoyuanJuzao">{{cite web|url= https://m-auction.artron.net/search_auction.php?action=detail&artcode=art0021790151|title= Lot0151 - 清 “宝源局造”背“镇库”.|date=17 May 2013|accessdate=14 January 2020|author= 中国嘉德国际拍卖有限公司|publisher= 雅昌拍卖|language=zh-cn}}</ref><ref name="PrimaltrekVaultProtectorCoins"/> The reverse inscription of the this coin reads Zhenku (鎮庫, "vault protector coin").<ref name="ArtronBaoyuanJuzao"/><ref name="PrimaltrekVaultProtectorCoins"/> This vault protector coin is very large in its size and has a diameter of 11.52 centimeters, its square centre hole is 1.8 centimeters in diameter, and it has a weight of 837.3 grams.<ref name="ArtronBaoyuanJuzao"/><ref name="PrimaltrekVaultProtectorCoins"/> In 1936 [[Arthur B. Coole]] (邱文明) claimed that only four of five of these vault protector coins were ever produced by the Ministry of Public Works Mint in Beijing.<ref name="CooleCoins"/> Chinese numismatist [[Ma Dingxiang]] (馬定祥), in his book "The coins of Xianfeng" (咸豐泉匯), claims that the style of this vault protector coin is consistent to the styles of other Xianfeng era cash coinages.<ref name="ArtronBaoyuanJuzao"/><ref name="PrimaltrekVaultProtectorCoins"/> Furthermore, Ma Dingxiang claims that there exists only a single other specimen of a "companion vault protector coin" that was produced simultaneously by the [[Ministry of Revenue (imperial China)|Ministry of Revenue]] Mint in Beijing.<ref name="ArtronBaoyuanJuzao"/><ref name="PrimaltrekVaultProtectorCoins"/> In 2009 a Baoyuan Juzao vault protector coin was sold at an auction in [[Tokyo]], [[Japan]].<ref name="BaoyuanJuzaoAuctionCFUCN">{{cite web|url= http://www.cfucn.com/ttjb/e/20130521/26623.html|title= 清 “宝源局造”背“镇库”钱赏析.|date=21 May 2013|accessdate=14 January 2020|author= Unlisted|publisher= 中华古典家具网|language=zh-cn}}</ref><ref name="ArtronBaoyuanJuzao"/> This same coin was sold at auction in the year 2013 for [[United States dollar|$]]408,279 ([[Renminbi|RMB]] 2,530,000).<ref name="PrimaltrekVaultProtectorCoins"/> At the time of this auction, this sale had broken the record for the highest amount of money that was ever paid for a Qing dynasty era coin.<ref name="PrimaltrekVaultProtectorCoins"/> ==== Qixiang / Tongzhi era ==== After the death of the Xianfeng Emperor, his son was crowned the [[Qixiang Emperor]], however, after only one month his reign title was changed to the [[Tongzhi Emperor]].<ref name="ArtronQixiangZhongbaoVaultProtectorCoin">{{cite web|url= https://m-auction.artron.net/search_auction.php?action=detail&artcode=art5034230504|title= Lot0504 - 大清 镇库祺祥重宝.|date=23 June 2013|accessdate=14 January 2020|author= 澳门中信国际拍卖有限公司|publisher= 雅昌拍卖|language=zh-cn}}</ref><ref name="PrimaltrekVaultProtectorCoins"/> Because if this only a very small number of cash coins using the Qixiang inscription was used, to commemorate the new emperor a [[Qixiang Zhongbao]] (祺祥重寶) vault protector coin were made, this coin does not have any characteristics that indicate which mint had produced it.<ref name="ArtronQixiangZhongbaoVaultProtectorCoin"/><ref name="PrimaltrekVaultProtectorCoins"/> The reverse of the Qixiang Zhongbao vault protector coin contains the inscription Da-Qing Zhenku (大清鎮庫).<ref name="ArtronQixiangZhongbaoVaultProtectorCoin"/><ref name="PrimaltrekVaultProtectorCoins"/> This coin had a diameter of 10.1 centimeters and a thickness of 0.47 centimeters.<ref name="KKNewsVaultProtectorCoins3">{{cite web|url= https://kknews.cc/culture/aeg2l9n.html|title= 我們一起來看看那些價值節節高升的錢幣長什麼樣？|date=31 March 2017|accessdate=15 January 2020|author= Unlisted|publisher= KKNews|language=zh-tw}}</ref><ref name="ArtronQixiangZhongbaoVaultProtectorCoin"/><ref name="PrimaltrekVaultProtectorCoins"/> A Qixiang Zhongbao vault protector coin was sold at an auction in [[Hong Kong]] in the year 2013 for [[United States dollar|$]]745,755 ([[Hong Kong dollar|HK$]]5,750,000).<ref name="ArtronQixiangZhongbaoVaultProtectorCoin"/><ref name="PrimaltrekVaultProtectorCoins"/> ==== Guangxu era ==== Under the [[Guangxu Emperor]] a [[bronze]] vault protector coin with the obverse inscription [[Guangxu Tongbao]] (光緒通寶) and the reverse side contains the [[Manchu alphabet|Manchu]] inscription "Boo Yuwan" ({{ManchuSibeUnicode|ᠪᠣᠣ<br>ᠶᡠᠸᠠᠨ}}).<ref name="PrimaltrekVaultProtectorCoins"/> This vault protector coin has a diameter of 6.2 centimeters and a thickness of 1 centimeter.<ref name="PrimaltrekVaultProtectorCoins"/> A Guangxu Tongbao vault protector coin was sold at an auction in the year 2010 for [[United States dollar|$]]51,485 ([[Renminbi|RMB]] 319,200).<ref name="PrimaltrekVaultProtectorCoins"/> === Taiping Heavenly Kingdom === {{See also|Shengbao (currency)}} [[File:The Coin of Heavenly Kingdom of Great Peace.JPG|thumb|right|A vault protector coin of the Taiping Heavenly Kingdom on display at the [[Taiping Heavenly Kingdom History Museum]] in [[Nanjing]].]] During the later part of the [[Taiping Rebellion]], the government of the [[Taiping Heavenly Kingdom]] casted a mall number of vault protector coins with the inscription Taiping Tianguo (太平天囯), these cash coins were notably 7.6 centimeters in diameter and were also very thick.<ref name="0516txTaipingHeavenlykingdom">{{cite web|url= http://www.0516tx.com/news/10207/|title= 瞻园（太平天国历史博物馆）.|date=7 May 2014|accessdate=12 January 2020|author= 徐州旅行社|publisher= 0516tx News|language=zh-cn}}</ref><ref name="PrimaltrekVaultProtectorCoins"/> The reverse sides of these vault protector coins contained the characters ''Shengbao'' (聖寶, "holy treasure").<ref>TaipingRebellion.com 太平天囯 Tai Ping Tian Guo - [http://taipingrebellion.com/coins.htm Coins of the Taiping]. Retrieved: 13 January 2020.</ref><ref name="PrimaltrekVaultProtectorCoins"/> In his book "Coins of the Taiping Heavenly Kingdom" (太平天國錢幣), Chinese numismatist Ma Dingxiang notes that the vault protector coins of the Taiping Heavenly Kingdom were manufactured for the mints of [[Hangzhou]], [[Hunan]], and [[Suzhou]].<ref name="PrimaltrekVaultProtectorCoins"/> There are only 5 or 6 of Taiping Heavenly Kingdom-made vault protector coins known to exist and these coins all tend to display some very slight differences between them.<ref name="PrimaltrekVaultProtectorCoins"/> A specimen that was previously in the collection of Ma Dingxiang and sold at auction held in the year 2011 for an amount of [[United States dollar|$]]111,286 ([[Renminbi|RMB]] 690,000).<ref name="PrimaltrekVaultProtectorCoins"/> == Modern reproductions == Due to the rarity of vault protector coins, there isn't a lack of reproductions and fakes appearing on the coin collecting market.<ref name="PrimaltrekVaultProtectorCoins"/> In the modern era vault protector coins are sought after both as collectible items as well as financial investments.<ref name="PrimaltrekVaultProtectorCoins"/> Furthermore, some commemorative modern coins made from [[precious metal]]s are sometimes also based on pre-modern vault protector coins.<ref name="PrimaltrekVaultProtectorCoins"/> In the year 1982 a gold coin based on a [[Xianfeng Emperor|Xianfeng era]] vault protector coin was created,<ref name="PrimaltrekVaultProtectorCoins"/> in 1990 another a gold coin version of a different Xianfeng era vault protector coins was created,<ref name="PrimaltrekVaultProtectorCoins"/> and in 1998 a gold coin inspired by the Da-Tang Zhenku from the [[Southern Tang]] was produced.<ref name="PrimaltrekVaultProtectorCoins"/> == Gallery == <gallery> Image:Vault Protector Coin of the Qing Dynasty.png|A Da-Qing Zhenku (大清鎮庫) vault protector coin of the [[Qing dynasty]]. Image:Vault Protector Coin of Qianlong Tongbao.jpg|A vault protector coin of the [[Qianlong Tongbao]] (乾隆通寶) of the Qing dynasty. Image:Jiaqing Wannian.jpg|A Jiaqing Wannian (嘉慶萬年) vault protector coin of the Qing dynasty. Image:British Museum - Room 68 (22432964882).jpg|A vault protector coin of the Qing dynasty on display at the [[British Museum]]. Image:Vault Protector Coin of Taiping Kingdom.jpg|A vault protector coin of the [[Taiping Heavenly Kingdom]]. Image:The Coin of Heavenly Kingdom of Great Peace.JPG|A vault protector coin of the Taiping Heavenly Kingdom on display at the [[Taiping Heavenly Kingdom History Museum]] in [[Nanjing]]. </gallery> == References == {{Reflist}} {{Commonscat|Vault Protector coins}} {{Chinese exonumia}} {{Asian numismatic charms}} {{Chinese cash coin}} [[:Category:Chinese numismatic charms]] .

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Overcategorisation.

[[:Category:Amulets]] [[:Category:Talismans]] [[:Category:Chinese numismatic charms]] [[:Category:Chinese numismatics]] .

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January 2020.
  • <ref name="">{{cite web|url= |title= .|date=|accessdate= January 2020|author= |publisher= |language=en}}</ref>
  • <ref name="Primaltrek">{{cite web|url= |title=.|date=16 November 2016|accessdate= January 2020|work= Gary Ashkenazy / גארי אשכנזי (Primaltrek – a journey through Chinese culture)|language=en}}</ref>
December 2019.
  • <ref name="">{{cite web|url= |title= .|date=|accessdate= December 2019|author= |publisher= |language=en}}</ref>
  • <ref name="Primaltrek">{{cite web|url= |title=.|date=16 November 2016|accessdate= December 2019|work= Gary Ashkenazy / גארי אשכנזי (Primaltrek – a journey through Chinese culture)|language=en}}</ref>

To use[edit]

  • <ref name="HoreshQing">{{cite web|url= https://link.springer.com/referenceworkentry/10.1007%2F978-981-10-0622-7_54-1|title= The Monetary System of China under the Qing Dynasty.|date=28 September 2018|accessdate=29 July 2019|author= [[Niv Horesh]]|publisher= [[Springer Nature|Springer Link]]|language=en}}</ref>
    • <ref name="HoreshQing"/>
  • <ref name="PrimalQing">{{cite web|url= http://primaltrek.com/chinesecoins.html#qing_dynasty_coins|title= Chinese coins – 中國錢幣 - Qing (Ch'ing) Dynasty (1644-1911)|date=16 November 2016|accessdate=30 June 2017|work= Gary Ashkenazy / גארי אשכנזי (Primaltrek – a journey through Chinese culture)|language=en}}</ref>
    • <ref name="PrimalQing"/>
  • <ref name="PrimaltrekKingOfQingDynastyCoins">{{cite web|url= http://primaltrek.com/blog/2013/01/08/the-king-of-qing-dynasty-coins/|title=The King of Qing Dynasty Coins.|date=8 January 2013|accessdate=8 January 2020|work= Gary Ashkenazy / גארי אשכנזי (Primaltrek – a journey through Chinese culture)|language=en}}</ref>
    • <ref name="PrimaltrekKingOfQingDynastyCoins"/>
  • <ref name="CambridgeInflation">{{cite web|url= https://www.cambridge.org/core/journals/bulletin-of-the-school-of-oriental-and-african-studies/article/hsienfeng-inflation/54A8F1ADDC871CC18F4DCFA828730DEB|title= The Hsien-Fêng Inflation (Published online by Cambridge University Press: 24 December 2009).|date=October 1958|accessdate=28 July 2019|author= Jerome Ch'ên|publisher= [[SOAS University of London]]|language=en}}</ref>
    • <ref name="CambridgeInflation"/>
  • <ref name="Brill2015">[https://www.academia.edu/28400259/_Silver_Copper_Rice_and_Debt_Monetary_Policy_and_Office_Selling_in_China_during_the_Taiping_Rebellion_in_Money_in_Asia_1200_1900_Small_Currencies_in_Social_and_Political_Contexts_ed._by_Jane_Kate_Leonard_and_Ulrich_Theobald_Leiden_Brill_2015_343-395 “Silver, Copper, Rice, and Debt: Monetary Policy and Office Selling in China during the Taiping Rebellion,” in Money in Asia (1200–1900): Small Currencies in Social and Political Contexts, ed.] by Jane Kate Leonard and Ulrich Theobald, [[Leiden]]: Brill, 2015, 343-395.</ref>
    • <ref name="Brill2015"/>

Qing Dynasty sub-page[edit]

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Southern Tang[edit]

See also: Southern Tang coinage

The earliest known vault protector coin known to exist is the Datang Zhenku (大唐镇库) which translates as "the Vault Protector of the Tang Dynasty" and was cast during the Baoda period of Li Jing. The diameter of these Datang Zhenku vault protector coins is 6 cm, and they have a thickness of 0.6 cm, the diameter of the square center hole is 1.24 cm and the Datang Zhenku coin weighs 93.7 grams.[1] Only one of these vault protector coins is known to exist and it was owned by a coin-collector from the city of Tianjin named Fang Yaoyu (方藥雨) during the beginning of the twentieth century and it was later owned by another private coin-collector called Chen Rentao (陳仁濤) before it ended up in the collection of the National Museum of China during the 1950s.[2]

References[edit]

{{Reflist}}

  1. ^ "Vault Protector Coins". Gary Ashkenazy / גארי אשכנזי (Primaltrek – a journey through Chinese culture). 10 June 2015. Retrieved 16 September 2018.
  2. ^ Google Books - The Zhangs from Nanxun: A One Hundred and Fifty Year Chronicle of a Chinese Family by Laurence Chang. Retrieved: 16 September 2018.

Standard reference templates[edit]

January 2020.
  • <ref name="">{{cite web|url= |title= .|date=|accessdate= January 2020|author= |publisher= |language=en}}</ref>
  • <ref name="Primaltrek">{{cite web|url= |title=.|date=16 November 2016|accessdate= January 2020|work= Gary Ashkenazy / גארי אשכנזי (Primaltrek – a journey through Chinese culture)|language=en}}</ref>
December 2019.
  • <ref name="">{{cite web|url= |title= .|date=|accessdate= December 2019|author= |publisher= |language=en}}</ref>
  • <ref name="Primaltrek">{{cite web|url= |title=.|date=16 November 2016|accessdate= December 2019|work= Gary Ashkenazy / גארי אשכנזי (Primaltrek – a journey through Chinese culture)|language=en}}</ref>

To use[edit]

  • <ref name="HoreshQing">{{cite web|url= https://link.springer.com/referenceworkentry/10.1007%2F978-981-10-0622-7_54-1|title= The Monetary System of China under the Qing Dynasty.|date=28 September 2018|accessdate=29 July 2019|author= [[Niv Horesh]]|publisher= [[Springer Nature|Springer Link]]|language=en}}</ref>
    • <ref name="HoreshQing"/>
  • <ref name="PrimalQing">{{cite web|url= http://primaltrek.com/chinesecoins.html#qing_dynasty_coins|title= Chinese coins – 中國錢幣 - Qing (Ch'ing) Dynasty (1644-1911)|date=16 November 2016|accessdate=30 June 2017|work= Gary Ashkenazy / גארי אשכנזי (Primaltrek – a journey through Chinese culture)|language=en}}</ref>
    • <ref name="PrimalQing"/>
  • <ref name="PrimaltrekKingOfQingDynastyCoins">{{cite web|url= http://primaltrek.com/blog/2013/01/08/the-king-of-qing-dynasty-coins/|title=The King of Qing Dynasty Coins.|date=8 January 2013|accessdate=8 January 2020|work= Gary Ashkenazy / גארי אשכנזי (Primaltrek – a journey through Chinese culture)|language=en}}</ref>
    • <ref name="PrimaltrekKingOfQingDynastyCoins"/>
  • <ref name="CambridgeInflation">{{cite web|url= https://www.cambridge.org/core/journals/bulletin-of-the-school-of-oriental-and-african-studies/article/hsienfeng-inflation/54A8F1ADDC871CC18F4DCFA828730DEB|title= The Hsien-Fêng Inflation (Published online by Cambridge University Press: 24 December 2009).|date=October 1958|accessdate=28 July 2019|author= Jerome Ch'ên|publisher= [[SOAS University of London]]|language=en}}</ref>
    • <ref name="CambridgeInflation"/>
  • <ref name="Brill2015">[https://www.academia.edu/28400259/_Silver_Copper_Rice_and_Debt_Monetary_Policy_and_Office_Selling_in_China_during_the_Taiping_Rebellion_in_Money_in_Asia_1200_1900_Small_Currencies_in_Social_and_Political_Contexts_ed._by_Jane_Kate_Leonard_and_Ulrich_Theobald_Leiden_Brill_2015_343-395 “Silver, Copper, Rice, and Debt: Monetary Policy and Office Selling in China during the Taiping Rebellion,” in Money in Asia (1200–1900): Small Currencies in Social and Political Contexts, ed.] by Jane Kate Leonard and Ulrich Theobald, [[Leiden]]: Brill, 2015, 343-395.</ref>
    • <ref name="Brill2015"/>

More sources[edit]

  • <ref name="PrimaltrekSilverBanLiang">{{cite web|url= http://primaltrek.com/blog/2015/04/29/state-of-qin-silver-banliang-coin/|title= State of Qin Silver Banliang Coin.|date=29 April 2015|accessdate=12 January 2020|work= Gary Ashkenazy / גארי אשכנזי (Primaltrek – a journey through Chinese culture)|language=en}}</ref>
  • http://blog.sina.cn/dpool/blog/s/blog_681f6b1e0100u4fo.html
    • <ref name="XianfengTongbaoVaultProtectorCoin">{{cite web|url= http://blog.sina.cn/dpool/blog/s/blog_681f6b1e0100u4fo.html|title= 雷州市博物馆藏的“大清镇库、咸丰通宝”大铜钱.|date=13 November 2011|accessdate=14 January 2020|author= 李龙|publisher= [[Sina Weibo]]|language=zh-cn}}</ref>
  • https://m-auction.artron.net/search_auction.php?action=detail&artcode=art0021790151
    • <ref name="ArtronBaoyuanJuzao">{{cite web|url= https://m-auction.artron.net/search_auction.php?action=detail&artcode=art0021790151|title= Lot0151 - 清 “宝源局造”背“镇库”.|date=17 May 2013|accessdate=14 January 2020|author= 中国嘉德国际拍卖有限公司|publisher= 雅昌拍卖|language=zh-cn}}</ref>
      • <ref name="ArtronBaoyuanJuzao"/>
  • http://www.cfucn.com/ttjb/e/20130521/26623.html
    • <ref name="BaoyuanJuzaoAuctionCFUCN">{{cite web|url= http://www.cfucn.com/ttjb/e/20130521/26623.html|title= 清 “宝源局造”背“镇库”钱赏析.|date=21 May 2013|accessdate=14 January 2020|author= Unlisted|publisher= 中华古典家具网|language=zh-cn}}</ref>

Even more sources[edit]

  • http://ask.kedo.gov.cn/c/2015-08-21/811081.shtml
    • <ref name="KedoVaultProtectorCoins">{{cite web|url= http://ask.kedo.gov.cn/c/2015-08-21/811081.shtml|title= 收藏迷带你深度游钱币博物馆.|date=21 August 2015|accessdate=14 January 2020|author= GarryKao|publisher= 蝌蚪五线谱|language=zh-cn}}</ref>
  • https://kknews.cc/zh-tw/culture/e9b4rmy.html
    • <ref name="KKNewsVaultProtectorCoins1">{{cite web|url= https://kknews.cc/zh-tw/culture/e9b4rmy.html|title= 中國古代花錢：鎮庫錢，古代錢幣文化寶庫中的一顆明珠.|date=23 December 2016|accessdate=15 January 2020|author= Unlisted|publisher= KKNews|language=zh-tw}}</ref>
  • https://kknews.cc/collect/jbzlg8q.html
    • <ref name="KKNewsVaultProtectorCoins2">{{cite web|url= https://kknews.cc/collect/jbzlg8q.html|title= 清代鎮庫錢之順治通寶.|date=20 July 2018|accessdate=15 January 2020|author= Unlisted|publisher= KKNews|language=zh-tw}}</ref>
  • https://kknews.cc/culture/aeg2l9n.html
    • <ref name="KKNewsVaultProtectorCoins3">{{cite web|url= https://kknews.cc/culture/aeg2l9n.html|title= 我們一起來看看那些價值節節高升的錢幣長什麼樣？|date=31 March 2017|accessdate=15 January 2020|author= Unlisted|publisher= KKNews|language=zh-tw}}</ref>
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