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Studies show that there is a higher rate of domestic violence in Latin America than anywhere else in the world, more specifically in Bolivia[1]. Women in Bolivia that are younger, in domestic relationships unmarried, with low economical status, and little education are more likely to be victims. The male victims in Bolivia who experience violence are seen as submissive, powerless, and weak to their partner and community . [2]
Domestic Life in Bolivia
[edit]Violence between parters towards partners male or female is seen to most typically correlate to those who experienced abuse as a child. [3]The abuse could have be sexual, mental, or physical, it could also be first hand witness. Meaning those who are abused in their adult life witnessed abuse to someone close associating the acceptance of this behavior.
Domestic violence in Bolivia has been linked to post traumatic stress disorder (PTSD) as well as anxiety and depression.[4] Side affects of violence that can be seen in women are frequent headaches, bursts of fear, hearing voices, seizers and/or convulsions. These side effects often lead to suicidal thoughts resulting in increased rates.[5] Bolivia contains a less than 1-100 ratio of citizens to mental health providers.[6] The small number of providers that are available are too expensive for average citizens, especially those who married for money.
The informal living quarters in Bolivia add to the exposure of violence even years after the urbanization of the country. The cities living quarters represent those of dwellings, self-built with no connection to basic services like water.[7] These quarters are wide spread across the country due to overcrowding that has lead to the countries high povery rates.[8]
While there are resources available in Bolivia, the government has done very little to impact the domestic violence in their country.
References
[edit]1. Dziewa, A., & Glowacz, F. (2022). “Getting out from Intimate Partner Violence: Dynamics and Processes. A Qualitative Analysis of Female and Male Victims” Narratives’. Journal of Family Violence, 37(4), 643.
2. Heim, E. M., Trujillo Tapia, L., & Quintanilla Gonzáles, R. (2018). “My Partner Will Change”: Cognitive Distortion in Battered Women in Bolivia. Journal of Interpersonal Violence, 33(8), 1348-1365.
3. Jaen-Varas, D., Ribeiro, W. S., Whitfield, J., & De Jesus Mari, J. (2014). Mental health and psychiatric care in Bolivia: what do we know? International Journal of Mental Health Systems, 8(1).
4. Libertun de Duren NR. Effects of neighborhood upgrading programs on domestic violence in Bolivia. World Dev Perspect. 2020 Sep;19:100231. doi: 10.1016/j.wdp.2020.100231. Epub 2020 Jun 24. Erratum in: World Dev Perspect. 2021 Jun;22:100321. PMID: 32838088; PMCID: PMC7313497.
5. Meekers, D., Pallin, S. C., & Hutchinson, P. (2013). Intimate partner violence and mental health in bolivia. BMC Women's Health, 13, 28.
6. Smith, W. (2001, February 2). Flag of Bolivia | Colors, symbols, design. Encyclopedia Britannica. https://www.britannica.com/topic/flag-of-Bolivia
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- ^ Meekers, Dominique; Pallin, Sarah C; Hutchinson, Paul (2013-06-26). "Intimate partner violence and mental health in Bolivia". BMC Women's Health. 13 (1). doi:10.1186/1472-6874-13-28. ISSN 1472-6874.
{{cite journal}}: CS1 maint: unflagged free DOI (link) - ^ "Shibboleth Authentication Request". login.northernkentuckyuniversity.idm.oclc.org. doi:10.1007/s10896-020-00245-2. PMC 7787707. PMID 33432254. Retrieved 2023-11-19.
{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: PMC format (link) - ^ Meekers, Dominique; Pallin, Sarah C; Hutchinson, Paul (2013-06-26). "Intimate partner violence and mental health in Bolivia". BMC Women's Health. 13 (1). doi:10.1186/1472-6874-13-28. ISSN 1472-6874.
{{cite journal}}: CS1 maint: unflagged free DOI (link) - ^ Meekers, Dominique; Pallin, Sarah C.; Hutchinson, Paul (2013-06-26). "Intimate partner violence and mental health in Bolivia". BMC Women's Health. 13 (1): 28. doi:10.1186/1472-6874-13-28. ISSN 1472-6874. PMC 3698003. PMID 23799992.
{{cite journal}}: CS1 maint: PMC format (link) CS1 maint: unflagged free DOI (link) - ^ Heim, Eva Maria; Trujillo Tapia, Laura; Quintanilla Gonzáles, Ruth (2018-04). ""My Partner Will Change": Cognitive Distortion in Battered Women in Bolivia". Journal of Interpersonal Violence. 33 (8): 1348–1365. doi:10.1177/0886260515615145. ISSN 0886-2605.
{{cite journal}}: Check date values in:|date=(help) - ^ Jaen-Varas, Denisse; Ribeiro, Wagner Silva; Whitfield, Jessie; Mari, Jairde Jesus (2014-12). "Mental health and psychiatric care in Bolivia: what do we know?". International Journal of Mental Health Systems. 8 (1). doi:10.1186/1752-4458-8-18. ISSN 1752-4458. PMC 4025533. PMID 24843384.
{{cite journal}}: Check date values in:|date=(help)CS1 maint: PMC format (link) CS1 maint: unflagged free DOI (link) - ^ Dziewa, Amandine; Glowacz, Fabienne (2021-01-06). ""Getting out from Intimate Partner Violence: Dynamics and Processes. A Qualitative Analysis of Female and Male Victims' Narratives"". Journal of Family Violence. 37 (4): 643–656. doi:10.1007/s10896-020-00245-2. ISSN 0885-7482.
- ^ Libertun de Duren, Nora Ruth (2020-09). "Effects of neighborhood upgrading programs on domestic violence in Bolivia". World Development Perspectives. 19: 100231. doi:10.1016/j.wdp.2020.100231.
{{cite journal}}: Check date values in:|date=(help)