User:Dotytwo/sandbox

Planning

I will be editing the article on the 2016 United Nations Climate Change Conference. The article is very short because it only covers the bare minimum of what happened at the conference. I can add things like who attended, who spoke, and what the proposals were. I can also add some information relating to why it occurs each year and what the purpose of it all is.

http://unfccc.int/meetings/marrakech_nov_2016/meeting/9567.php

http://www.cop22-morocco.com

http://sdg.iisd.org/events/unfccc-cop-22/?rdr=climate-l.iisd.org

http://www.un.org/sustainabledevelopment/cop22/

https://www.c2es.org/international/negotiations/cop22-marrakech/summary

http://www.cop22.org

https://www.theguardian.com/environment/cop-22-un-climate-change-conference-marrakech

https://www.theguardian.com/environment/2016/nov/18/poor-nations-pledge-deep-emissions-cuts-at-marrakech-climate-change-summit

This is a list of sources I can use to improve the article. Some websites include overviews of lectures and proposals at the conference, which will aid in updating that aspect of the article.

Main Issues

The biggest problem with this article is the lack of depth. While there are quite a few subtitles, each one only has two or three sentences written about it. Additionally, the majority of the article focuses on the "background", or previous climate change conferences. To me, this is less relevant because the article is titled "2016 United Nations Climate Change Conference" -while background is important, I think it could be outlined differently. I want to consolidate the entire "background" section into a couple paragraphs maximum. Another major subject that is missing is who attended the conference and what they did there. I intend to dedicate sections to speakers and proposals to give the reader a better idea of what happened at the conference. I think the basic summary of the conference/the very first part of the article can be added to and refined. Including the mission statement of the conference with a citation will help improve it. There are also several grammatical issues, most likely due to the fact that this page is translated from French. This also presents issues with the citations - as an English user, I have no way to verify the credibility of these sources. Even if they are credible, they are not accessible to me.

Structurally, this article could use some improvements. I think the Organization/Logistics section, Background Section, and Objectives section are all valuable to a global understanding of the conference. However, the "African Dimension" and "SuRe Presentation" seem country specific. Thought it is good information, I think it needs to be organized differently. It should be put under a broader header and then talked about specifically under that title. I think an impact section should also be included at the end, after criticisms and setbacks.

ARICLE DRAFT

2016 United Nations Climate Change Conference

The 2016 United Nations Climate Change Conference was held in Marrakech, Morocco from November 7th to 18th. The conference incorporated the twenty-second Conference of the Parties (COP22), the twelfth meeting of the parties for the Kyoto Protocol (CMP12), and the first meeting of the parties for the Paris Agreement (CMA1). The purpose of the conference was to "[demonstrate] to the world that the implementation of the Paris Agreement is underway". Participants work together to come up with global solutions to climate change.

Background

United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change

The participants in the conference are members of the United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change (UNFCCC). The aim of this convention is to prevent "dangerous human interference with the climate system". It is closely related to both the UN Convention on Biological Diversity and the Convention to Combat Desertification; all three are considered 'Rio Conventions' adopted at the Rio Earth Summit in 1992. There are 7 steps that the UNFCCC lists as a "summary of the convention".

1. The problem of climate change is recognized as a threat to human safety.
2. Greenhouse gas emissions, especially in industrialized countries, must be reduced and countries are pressured to reduce emissions.
3. Advanced countries must take action to reduce emissions and lead the way for developing nations.
4. Advanced countries will help developing nations by providing financial and technological support.
5. Both advanced and developing countries submit reports on climate change policies and greenhouse gas emissions.
6. In developing countries, clean growth is emphasized as to limit the augmentation of greenhouse gas emissions while the nation industrializes.
7. In order to increase quality of life in the presence of climate change, the convention will address and adapt to adverse affects of climate change when necessary.

The Kyoto Protocol

The Marrakech Conference is a continuation of regular global summits organised by United Nations following the Kyoto Protocol. The Kyoto Protocol was written in 1997 at COP3, but was not officially adopted until February 16th of 2005. It was in effect from 2008 to 2012. It implemented strict regulations to ensure global emission reduction. There are three main mechanisms that a country can utilize to help reduce emissions.

1. International Emissions Trading
2. Clean Development Mechanism
3. Joint Implementation

The Protocol is also meant to assist countries in adapting to the conditions of climate change. Additionally, the UN Climate Change Secretariat receives reports from Parties, verifies transactions, and holds Parties accountable. The UNFCC considers the Kyoto Protocol a "first step" to climate change resistance.

The Paris Agreement

The Paris Agreement aims to prevent the rise of global temperatures. This is regulated by reports sent in by the Parties, meant to increase transparency of actions taken by both developing nations and advanced ones. It also has measures to increase countries' ability to adapt to conditions of climate change. The means of change that a country can take are called "nationally determined contributions". NDC's are essentially the efforts that each country will take to reduce their emissions. The period of effect for this agreement began on November 4th of 2016. So far, it has been ratified by 132 out of 197 Parties at the convention.

Attendees

The convention's attendees can be sorted into one of three categories: parties, observers, or members of the press/media.

Parties

There are three distinct groups that a nation can be placed in if they are considered a "party". These are Annex I, Annex II, and Non-Annex I. The organization of parties decides the level of participation of each country. It determines if the country is required to give financial aid to others, how often they must send reports, and the strictness of regulations in their country. The Annex I title refers to industrialized countries involved in either the Organization for Economic Cooperation and Development (OECD) in 1992 or countries in economic transition (EIT). Annex II refers to countries in OECD but not EIT. These parties are required to help less advanced countries financially. They are also expected to take extra measures to transition to climate friendly technologies in order to reduce greenhouse gas emissions. Non-Annex countries are developing and particularly vulnerable to climate change due to location, economic situations, or other issues institutionalized into the country. Another title is "least developed countries". This indicates that the nation is limited in their ability to respond to climate change issues. This label indicates to other parties the extra level of support necessary.

Observers

Observer organizations include the United Nations Systems and its specialized agencies, inter-governmental organizations (IGOs), and non-governmental organizations (NGOs). Observer organizations must apply and be accepted by the COP to send representatives to any meeting or presentation related to the UNFCCC. NGOs can be businesses, labor unions, research or academic institutes, native populations, gender-affiliated groups, youth groups, environmental activists, farmers, and agriculturists. Around 2,000 NGOs and 100 IGOs were admitted to the 2016 conference. Once an organization is admitted, they do not have to reapply for the following conference. Observers may submit responses, on behalf of their entire organization, relating to topics or mandates within the conference. These submissions are available for viewing on the official UNFCCC website. http://unfccc.int/documentation/submissions_from_non-party_stakeholders/items/7647.php

Objectives of COP22

Each COP is meant to cooperatively decide on how to combat climate change and reduce greenhouse gas emissions. However, each year a different theme is chosen and focused on. The twenty-second session dealt mainly with water management and decarbonizing energy supplies. COP22 took place on November 14th and 15th during the UNFCCC in Marrakech. The ways in which the Paris Agreement will be applied, as well as the agenda for negotiations, were on the agenda for COP22. Nik Gowing, known as a British journalist, chaired the event.

November 14th

Water Management and Conservation Forum

Detailed issues relating to water transportation, infrastructure in the context of water storage, sustainable distribution, innovation for conservation, and accelerating efforts for new technologies. There were four moderators of the event: Raymond van Ermen, a Belgian member of the European Water Partnership; Masagos Zulkifli, Minister for the Environment and Water Resources of Singapore; Edgar Gutiérrez Espeleta, Minister of Environment and Energy in Costa Rica and President, UNEA; Susan Mboya, the President of the Coca-Cola Africa Foundation.

Decarbonization of Energy Supplies Keynote Panel

This panel addressed issues surrounding the utilization of renewable resources, how policy can be used to promote renewable markets, and how infrastructure can be improved to accommodate these changes. The moderators include Nik Gowing, British journalist; H.E. Fatima Al Foora of the United Arab Emirates; Lord Gregory Baker of the United Kingdom; Andreas Regnell of Sweden, and Jan Rabe from Siemens AG.

Promoting Sustainable Development

The ways in which the Paris Agreement will be applied, as well as the agenda for negotiations, were on the agenda for COP22.

Morocco intended to use COP22 as a means to showcase its commitment to fighting climate change. According to Hakima El Haite, the Moroccan Environment Minister, the conference was intended to be "one of innovation with regard to adapting to and alleviating the effects of climate change," as well as "an opportunity to develop functional tools as part of the Paris-Lima and Paris-Marrakesh Action Plans". The financial responsibility for loss and damages, which was recognised under the Paris Agreement, was also debated during COP22, as well as transparency rules regarding the information provided by countries pertaining to the steps they take to reduce their greenhouse-gas emissions.

Editing practice for POL150C2

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