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"In ordinary" refers to the temporary decommissioning of a Navy vessel for repair or maintenance, a meaning coming over time to cover a reserve fleet of "mothballed" ships.
The term originates from the British Admiralty practice of placing before Parliament an annual "Ordinary Estimate" for routine naval expenses such as dockyard maintenance and supplies, alongside estimates for more variable expenses such as maintaining a fleet at sea or conducting major ship repairs. When a vessel was temporarily removed from active service, any ongoing expenses for repair, crew's wages and general maintenance would be drawn from the "Ordinary Estimate" until the ship was recommissioned. In the seventeenth and eighteenth centuries it was possible for larger vessels to remain "in Ordinary," or out of active service, for decades at a time.
From 1705 the term was also applied to Royal Navy officers who were unassigned to any vessel and had been left ashore on half pay.
As a term, "in ordinary" remained in use in the British and United States Navies until the early twentieth century. It is now considered archaic.
Origins[edit]
The term dates to the mid-seventeenth century and is drawn from the British Admiralty practice of maintaining three separate financial estimates for Royal Navy expenditure; the "Ordinary" estimate which covered routine expenses such as the maintenance of dockyards and naval establishments, the "Sea Service" estimate which supported ships and crew at or capable of going to sea, and the estimate for "Extraordinary Repair" which met the cost of major rebuilding or refit. A ship that was not required for active service, or was too decrepit to remain at sea, would be transferred from the Sea Service to the Ordinary estimate, and would be left "in Ordinary" until returned to duty or broken up. [1]
Ships could remain "in Ordinary" for lengthy periods, including for example HMS Royal William which spent 38 years "in Ordinary" between its launch in 1719 and first active service in 1757.[2] Poorly maintained, they were susceptible to dry rot and were routinely crewed by pensioned or disabled sailors with little interest in a return to sea service. During the War of the Austrian Succession from 1739 to 1745, a review of ships "in Ordinary" revealed that at least half of their warrant officers were too old or sickly to serve outside their mothballed vessels.[3] Improvements were made from 1752 when Admiral George Anson, the newly appointed First Lord of the Admiralty, initiated reforms of royal dockyards with the intention of maximising the number of vessels capable of being put to sea at any time. However, most of Anson's reforms were opposed by the Navy Board, which had direct responsibility for dockyard management and felt that Admiralty's interference was a rebuke to its authority.[4]
Admiralty conducted a further review of vessels in ordinary, in 1755. The review identified Plymouth Dockyard as the worst performer in ship maintenance and repair, with some ships untouched since 1745.[5] Plymouth Dockyard's master attendant and clerk of the survey were dismissed, a new dock and slipway constructed and dock workers and ship's crews were required to work longer hours to ensure the ships held in ordinary were capable of being sailed. To maximise resources, construction of new vessels was also transferred to private shipyards.[6] Lastly, Admiralty successfully petitioned the Privy Council to remove the Royal Navy's Surveyor, Joseph Allin, who had held the post for forty years and was now "disordered in his senses."[7]
These various efforts were successful in improving the quality of vessels held in ordinary, such that more than 200 ships were in commission or capable of being sailed by the end of 1755 compared with 97 in 1753.[8]
Royal Navy officers ashore on half-pay were also considered "in Ordinary" and paid from the same estimate that applied to sidelined vessels.[9]
References[edit]
- ^ Baugh 1965, pp. 455-457
- ^ Baugh 1965, p. 241
- ^ Baugh 1965, pp. 244-245
- ^ Middleton 1988, pp. 109-110
- ^ Middleton 1988, p. 111
- ^ Middleton 1988, pp. 111-112
- ^ Correspondence, Admiralty to the Lords Justices, 12 August 1755. Cited in Middleton 1988, p. 111
- ^ Middleton 1988, p. 112
- ^ Baugh 1965, p. 103
Bibliography[edit]
- Baugh, Daniel A. (1965). British Naval Administration in the Age of Walpole. Princeton University Press. OCLC 729683642.
- Middleton, Richard (1988). "Naval administration in the age of Pitt and Anson, 1755-1763". In Black, Jeremy; Woodfine, Philip (eds.). The British Navy and the Use of Naval Power in the Eighteenth Century. Leicester University Press. ISBN 0718513088.