User:Ford53/sandbox

Outline for NSF Proposal:

Study of Chimera Hyphae in Mycelium

Background Information/Purpose
1. Description of mycelium
2. Structure of Hyphae
3. Mutualism between fungi in plants^[1]
  1. Explanation how it can help or take away from plants also outlinign the importance of the relationship^[2]
4. Discussion of the existence of multiple free floating nuclei of different species forming chimera^[3]
  1. Dynein-driven molecular movement, a look into the mechanics of the process ^[4]
  2. Multiple organisms being present in the same hyphae provides competitive advantage by providing genetic variation. ^[5]
  3. Competition and mutualism that exist within the hyphae
  4. Genetic exchange exist between nuclei within the hyphae ^[5]
  5. Nuclei exchange and movement within the hyphae ^[6]
5. Competition between nuclei within the the hyphae
  1. How are species preventing other species from entering hyphae?
Methods for detecting competition
1. Usage of mass spectrometry on soil surrounding hyphae
  1. look for environmental toxins preventing competition
2. Sequencing of RNA within the hyphae to determine active gene expression/protein synthesis
  1. Look into function of genes in similar fungi
  2. Importance in finding if there is a immunological system preventing competing fungi
3. Whole genome sequencing of hyphae to determine diversity
  1. phylogenetic comparison
  2. Looking into numerous mycelium to detect similarities between species present
4. Isolation of fungi in surrounding soil and sequencing to find all fungi present in area of study to find what specifically is being prevented from entering or allowed to enter hyphae

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^ Francis, R.; Read, D. J. (1995-12-31). "Mutualism and antagonism in the mycorrhizal symbiosis, with special reference to impacts on plant community structure". Canadian Journal of Botany. 73 (S1): 1301–1309. doi:10.1139/b95-391. ISSN 0008-4026.
^ Francis, R.; Read, D. J. (1995-12-31). "Mutualism and antagonism in the mycorrhizal symbiosis, with special reference to impacts on plant community structure". Canadian Journal of Botany. 73 (S1): 1301–1309. doi:10.1139/b95-391. ISSN 0008-4026.
^ Frazer, Jennifer. "How Your Morning Commute Resembles a Fungus". Scientific American Blog Network. Retrieved 2017-10-17.
^ Grava, Sandrine; Keller, Miyako; Voegeli, Sylvia; Seger, Shanon; Lang, Claudia; Philippsen, Peter (2011-7). "Clustering of Nuclei in Multinucleated Hyphae Is Prevented by Dynein-Driven Bidirectional Nuclear Movements and Microtubule Growth Control in Ashbya gossypii ▿". Eukaryotic Cell. 10 (7): 902–915. doi:10.1128/EC.05095-11. ISSN 1535-9778. PMC 3147418. PMID 21642510. {{cite journal}}: Check date values in: |date= (help); line feed character in |title= at position 158 (help)CS1 maint: PMC format (link)
^ ^a ^b Roper, Marcus; Ellison, Chris; Taylor, John W.; Glass, N. Louise (2011-09-27). "Nuclear and Genome Dynamics in Multinucleate Ascomycete Fungi". Current biology : CB. 21 (18): R786–R793. doi:10.1016/j.cub.2011.06.042. ISSN 0960-9822. PMC 3184236. PMID 21959169.{{cite journal}}: CS1 maint: PMC format (link)
^ Roper, Marcus; Simonin, Anna; Hickey, Patrick C.; Leeder, Abby; Glass, N. Louise (2013-08-06). "Nuclear dynamics in a fungal chimera". Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences. 110 (32): 12875–12880. doi:10.1073/pnas.1220842110. ISSN 0027-8424. PMID 23861490.

[1] Francis, R.; Read, D. J. (1995-12-31). "Mutualism and antagonism in the mycorrhizal symbiosis, with special reference to impacts on plant community structure". Canadian Journal of Botany. 73 (S1): 1301–1309. doi:10.1139/b95-391. ISSN 0008-4026.

[2] Francis, R.; Read, D. J. (1995-12-31). "Mutualism and antagonism in the mycorrhizal symbiosis, with special reference to impacts on plant community structure". Canadian Journal of Botany. 73 (S1): 1301–1309. doi:10.1139/b95-391. ISSN 0008-4026.

[3] Frazer, Jennifer. "How Your Morning Commute Resembles a Fungus". Scientific American Blog Network. Retrieved 2017-10-17.

[4] Grava, Sandrine; Keller, Miyako; Voegeli, Sylvia; Seger, Shanon; Lang, Claudia; Philippsen, Peter (2011-7). "Clustering of Nuclei in Multinucleated Hyphae Is Prevented by Dynein-Driven Bidirectional Nuclear Movements and Microtubule Growth Control in Ashbya gossypii ▿". Eukaryotic Cell. 10 (7): 902–915. doi:10.1128/EC.05095-11. ISSN 1535-9778. PMC 3147418. PMID 21642510. {{cite journal}}: Check date values in: |date= (help); line feed character in |title= at position 158 (help)CS1 maint: PMC format (link)

[:0-5] Roper, Marcus; Ellison, Chris; Taylor, John W.; Glass, N. Louise (2011-09-27). "Nuclear and Genome Dynamics in Multinucleate Ascomycete Fungi". Current biology : CB. 21 (18): R786–R793. doi:10.1016/j.cub.2011.06.042. ISSN 0960-9822. PMC 3184236. PMID 21959169.{{cite journal}}: CS1 maint: PMC format (link)

[6] Roper, Marcus; Simonin, Anna; Hickey, Patrick C.; Leeder, Abby; Glass, N. Louise (2013-08-06). "Nuclear dynamics in a fungal chimera". Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences. 110 (32): 12875–12880. doi:10.1073/pnas.1220842110. ISSN 0027-8424. PMID 23861490.

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