User:GraphiteHB/Fribourgeois
The Fribourgeois is a set of different Franco-Provençal dialects spoken in some parts of the canton of Fribourg (Switzerland), and more specifically in Gruyère.
The different dialects of the Fribourgeois are:
- Gruvérin (Gruyère and Veveyse)
- Patois de la Haute-Glâne
- Broyard
- Kouètse (patois from the lowland, notably the Sarine-Campagne)
History
[edit]
In 1886, the use of Fribourgeois is forbidden in all schools of the canton of Fribourg. This interdiction is lifted in 1961 by deputy Joseph Brodard (also known as the composer of "Dzojè a Marc").
Grammar
[edit]Personal pronouns
[edit]| Person | Subject | Direct object | Indirect object | Reflexive | Demonstrative |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 1. Sg. | i | mè | |||
| 2. Sg. | te | tè | |||
| 3. Sg. | i | le (masc.) la (fém.) |
li | chè | li (masc.) i (fém.) |
| 1. Pl. | no | ||||
| 2. Pl. | vo | ||||
| 3. Pl. | i | lè | lou | chè | là[1] |
Unlike French, but similarly to other Romance languages, when a subject pronoun can sometimes be omitted. For example:
- Iro dzounèta. ‚I will be a young woman.‘
- Mè dèvejâvè to doulon in patê. ‚He spoke to me in Patois all along.‘
Adjective and possessive pronouns
[edit]The table below shows the possessive adjectives:
| owned object | ||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| singular | plural | |||||
| masculine | feminine | |||||
| owner | 1. Person | Singular | mon | ma | mè | |
| Plural | nouthron | nouthra | nouthrè | |||
| 2. Person | Singular | ton | ta | tè | ||
| Plural | vouthron | vouthra | vouthrè | |||
| 3. Person | Singular | chon | cha | chè | ||
| Plural | lou[2] | |||||
The table below shows the possessive pronouns:
| owned object | ||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| singular | plural | |||||
| masculine | feminine | masculine | feminine | |||
| owner | 1. Person | Singular | le myo | la mâye | lè myo | lè mâyè |
| Plural | le nouthro | la nouthra | lè nouthro | lè nouthrè | ||
| 2. Person | Singular | le tyo | la tuva | lè tyo | lè tuvè | |
| Plural | le vouthro | la vouthra | lè vouthro | lè vouthrè | ||
| 3. Person | Singular | le chyo | la chuva | lè chyo | lè chuvè | |
| Plural | le là | la là | lè là[3] | |||
Demonstrative
[edit]In Fribourgeois, each substantive has two adjectives; one "standard" and one "accentuated":
| Singular | Accentuated singular | Plural | Accentuated plural | |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| masculine | chi | chti | hou | chtou |
| feminine | ha | chta |
- chi lêvro – ‚this book‘
- chti lêvro – ‚this "very" book‘
When the noun following a demonstrative adjective starts with a vowel, a liaison operates by either adding a l or a j before the noun, or by operating the elision of the demonstrative adjective's last vowel.[4]:
- chi lêvro – ‚this book‘
- chi l’omo – ‚this man‘
- ha tchivra – ‚this goat‘
- h’inyema – ‚this anvil‘
- hou vatsè – ‚those cows‘
- hou j’omo – ‚those men‘
Unlike demonstrative adjectives, demonstrative pronouns replace a noun. Demonstrative pronouns differ whether the nouns it replaces is indefinite, close, far or in the speaker's hand.
| indefinite | close object | far object | object in the hand | |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| masculine | chin | chi-inke | chi-lé | chtiche |
| feminine | choche | ha-inke | ha-lé | chtache |
| plural | chin-lé | hou-inke | hou-lé | chtàche |
Verb
[edit]Regular verbs fall into four groups:
- First group verbs end in -â (dèvejâ ‚to chat‘) or in -i (medji ‚to eat‘). The origin of the verbs from this category is from latin verbs ending in -ARE.
- Second group verbs end in -i (vinyi ‚to come‘) or (dremi ‚to sleep‘). Those verbs often find their origin in latin verbs ending in either -IRE or -ĒRE.
- Third group verbs end in -êre (bêre ‚to drink‘) or -ê (povê ‚to can‘). Those verbs often have origin in latin verbs ending in -ĒRE.
- Fourth group verbs end in -re (prindre ‚tot take‘)[5].
Present participle is constructed by adding in in front of a verb and by modifying its ending with the suffix in.
| dèvejâ ‚to chat‘ | medji ‚to eat‘ | vinyi ‚to come‘ | dremi ‚to sleep‘ | bêre ‚to drink‘ | povê ‚to can‘ | prindre ‚to take‘ |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| in dèvejin | in medzin | in vinyin | in dremechin | in bèvechin | in puyin | in prinyin |
- L’ivouè ch’in va in èpoufin. ‚The water disappeared by boiling.‘
The table below shows the simple present tense conjugation:
| ithre ‚to be‘ | avê ‚to have‘ | dèvejâ ‚to chat‘ | medji ‚to eat‘ | vinyi ‚to come‘ | dremi ‚to sleep‘ | bêre ‚to drink‘ | povê ‚to can‘ | prindre ‚to take‘ | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 1st person singular | (i) chu | (i) l’é | (i) dèvejo | (i) medzo | (i) vinyo | (i) douârmo | (i) bêvo | (i) pu | (i) prinnyo |
| 2nd person singular | t’i | t’â | te dèvejè | te medzè | te vin | te douâ | te bê | te pà | te prin |
| 3rd person singular | (i) l’è | (i) l’a | (i) dèvejè | (i) medzè | (i) vin | (i) douâ | (i) bê | (i) pà | (i) prin |
| 1st person plural | no chin | no j’an | no dèvejin | no medzin | no vinyin | no douârmin | no bêvin | no puyin | no prinnyin |
| 2nd person plural | vo j’ithè | vo j’ê | vo dèvejâdè | vo medjidè | vo vinyidè | vo dremidè | vo bêdè | vo pouédè | vo prindè |
| 3rd person plural | (i) chon | (i) l’an | (i) dèvejon | (i) medzon | (i) vinyon | (i) douârmon | (i) bêvon | (i) puyon | (i) prinnyon |
Numeral system
[edit]Unlike in French from France, but similarly to the French spoken in Romandy, the numeral system in Fribourgeois not use the vigesimal system, but relies exclusively on a decimal system.
| 0 | 1 | 2 | 3 | 4 | 5 | 6 | 7 | 8 | 9 |
| zérô | on | dou | trè | katro | thin | chê | chate | ouète | nà |
| 10 | 11 | 12 | 13 | 14 | 15 | 16 | 17 | 18 | 19 |
| dji | ondzè | dodzè | trèdzè | katoârdzè | tyindzè | chèdzè | dji-j‘è chate | dji-j‘è ouète | dji-j‘è nà |
| 20 | 21 | 22 | 23 | 24 | 25 | 26 | 27 | 28 | 29 |
| vin | vinty‘on | vint‘è dou | vint‘è trè | vint‘è katro | vint‘è thin | vint‘è chê | vint‘è chate | vint‘è ouète | vint‘è nà |
| 30 | 31 | 32 | 33 | … | |||||
| trinta | trint‘yon | trint‘è dou | trint‘è trè | … | |||||
| 40 | 41 | 42 | 43 | … | |||||
| karanta | karant‘yon | karant‘è dou | karant‘è trè | … | |||||
| 50 | 51 | 52 | 53 | … | |||||
| thinkanta | thinkant‘yon | thinkant‘è dou | thinkant‘è trè | … | |||||
| 60 | 61 | 62 | 63 | … | |||||
| chuchanta | chuchant‘yon | chuchant‘è dou | chuchant‘è trè | … | |||||
| 70 | 71 | 72 | 73 | … | |||||
| chaptanta | chaptant‘yon | chaptant‘è dou | chaptant‘è trè | … | |||||
| 80 | 81 | 82 | 83 | … | |||||
| ouètanta | ouètant‘yon | ouètant‘è dou | ouètant‘è trè | … | |||||
| 90 | 91 | 92 | 93 | … | |||||
| nonanta | nonant‘yon | nonant‘è dou | nonant‘è trè | … | |||||
| 100 | 101 | 102 | 103 | … | |||||
| than | than‘yon | than‘è dou | than‘è trè | …[6],[7] | |||||
External links
[edit]- International website of Franco-Provençal/Arpitan
- Fribourgeois patois portal
- Portal of the Gruyère dialect of Fribourgeois
- Association promoting Arpitan dialects
- Documents in Franco-Provençal, with sections on Fribourgeois
- Dictionary French-Fribourgeois: free application
References
[edit]- ^ Dictionnaire-Dikchenéro: Français-Patois/Patê-Franché, Syte 37
- ^ Dictionnaire-Dikchenéro: Français-Patois/Patê-Franché, Syte 35
- ^ Dictionnaire-Dikchenéro: Français-Patois/Patê-Franché, Syte 37
- ^ Cours de Patois organisé par la Sociète des Patoisants de la Gruyère, Syte 25
- ^ Riond 2012
- ^ Dictionnaire-Dikchenéro: Français-Patois/Patê-Franché, Syte 36
- ^ Cours de Patois organisé par la Sociète des Patoisants de la Gruyère, Syte 15
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