User:Hans-Otto savant

Know me well

Greetings, I'm Muhammad Hikmat, a polymath and polyglot. I have extensive knowledge in zoology, philosophy, Islamic judicial law, English literature, and linguistics. I am proficient in 10 languages. At the age of 12, I already knew 5 languages, and I've continued to expand my linguistic repertoire since then. I currently speak Arabic, Urdu, Hindi, Persian,Bengali, Classical Arabic (Quranic Arabic), and I'm currently in the process of learning Turkish. Additionally, my IQ is measured at 175 or 176.

What I have learned

This will be a place where I write about the things I learn, whether from Wikipedia or other sources. You can think of it as my brain. I will also include the sources. Isn't that great? I hope you like it. Enjoy!

Pessimism

The definition of pessimism depends on two fields: philosophical and psychological.

Philosophical In philosophy, bad things always prevail over good things, and life itself is seen as useless. The solution that pessimists choose is often antinatalism. Coping mechanisms might vary.

Psychological In psychology, there is an idiom that states: "Is the glass half empty or half full?" Pessimists might see the glass as half empty or, to the extreme, completely empty, while optimists will see the glass as half full.

Purpose of the Video To be pessimistic or not to be pessimistic, that is the question. We will understand pessimism in a scientific way.

To be continued

History We can find teachings of pessimism in religions such as Christianity and Buddhism. Beyond sacred dogma, pessimistic thinking can be found in literature regardless of cultural background.

Religion It is mentioned in Ecclesiastes, chapter one:

> 1 The words of the Teacher, son of David, king in Jerusalem: > 2 “Meaningless! Meaningless!” says the Teacher. > “Utterly meaningless! Everything is meaningless.”

Buddhism

The great Indologist Hermann Oldenberg, for example, declared that:

> "The Four Noble Truths give expression to Buddhist pessimism."

Among the Four Noble Truths, there is **dukkha**, which means "suffering," and the rest of them are:

1. **Samudaya** (cause of suffering): Suffering has a cause, which is desire or craving, known as **tanha**. This includes desires for pleasure, material goods, and even the desire for life to be different. These cravings lead to a cycle of rebirth and ongoing dissatisfaction.

2. **Nirodha** (end of suffering): We have to let go of tanha by removing desire. This leads to peace, known as nirvana, where the cycle of rebirth ceases.

3. **Magga** (Eightfold Path): There is a path to end suffering, known as the Eightfold Path. This practical guide to ethical and mental development aims to free individuals from attachments and delusions. The Eightfold Path includes right understanding, right intention, right speech, right action, right livelihood, right effort, right mindfulness, and right concentration.

- Caution:** These noble truths might be interpreted differently in the 19th and 20th centuries.

- Sources:**

Arthur Schopenhauer and Friedrich Nietzsche, as well as many Christian opponents of Buddhism, picked up Hermann's words, but today's scholars thoroughly disagree with this view.

[Refutation of Buddhism as pessimistic](https://www.budsas.org/ebud/whatbudbeliev/126.htm#:~:text=Buddhism%20is%20neither%20optimistic%20nor,things%20as%20they%20truly%20are.)

- In Greek Literature:**

(Continue here with relevant information on Greek literature.)