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History of Intermittent Fasting[edit]
While intermittent fasting itself is fairly new, the origins of fasting are far reaching, with numerous cultures participating for political and religious reasons. [1] Additionally, fasting was promoted as beneficial to health by doctors and patients who had seen positive results. [2] Early studies were done on non-obese folks for fasting periods upwards 30 days to observe effects with shipwrecked at sea. [3] Fasting was also used as a means for weight loss in obese patients, where short periods of starvation were used as safe, effective means of weight loss. [4] More recently, intermittent fasting was first popularized by Brad Pilon, who has a background in the fitness supplement industry and studied extensively the metabolic effects of short-term intermittent fasting. He popularized the feet in his book, “Eat Stop Eat”, stating that it is more sustainable than traditional diets. [5] "Eat, Fast and Live Longer" is a documentary released on BBC that also helped expose many people to intermittent fasting. [6]
Intermittent Fasting and Weight Loss[edit]
Intermittent fasting has been shown to aid in weight loss in humans. [1] In males who participate in exercise, an intermittent fasting regimen was found to decrease fat mass while maintaining muscle composition. [7] Similar studies in both animals have shown improvement in metabolic function when eating was restricted according to timed intervals and natural circadian rhythms. [8] However, intermittent fasting does not have a significant advantage in promoting weight loss and insulin sensitivity when compared to traditional caloric restriction. [9] In terms of mental and psychological effects of fasting periods, a study in women found that periods of calorie restriction did not trigger overeating on the days following the fasting period. [10] While individuals faced higher hunger ratings after a period of fasting, a study showed that while protein and fat intake increased after a fasting period, carbohydrate intake did not. [11]
Other Benefits and Risks of Intermittent Fasting[edit]
Intermittent fasting in mice has been shown to yield improvements in different aspects of health, particularly development of disorders like diabetes, cancer, neurological disorders, stroke, and cardiovascular disease. [12] Other benefits in mice have included reduced blood pressure and heart rate and increased circulation of cholesterol and triglycerides. [13] Additionally, in humans, studies have indicated decreases in insulin resistance and cardiovascular disease. Scientists believe that these benefits are potentially from the effect of intermittent fasting on activation of stressed cell response signaling pathways. [14]
However, Practicing intermittent fasting can carry a certain amount of risk for certain individuals. In one study, individuals with Type 2 diabetes who take hypoglycemic medications were found to be more hypoglycemic while practicing intermittent fasting. [15]
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- ^ a b Kerndt, Peter R.; Naughton, James L.; Driscoll, Charles E.; Loxterkamp, David A. (November 1982). "Fasting: The History, Pathophysiology and Complications". Western Journal of Medicine. 137 (5): 379–399. ISSN 0093-0415. PMC 1274154. PMID 6758355.
{{cite journal}}: CS1 maint: PMC format (link) - ^ Sinclair, U (1911). "The Fasting Cure" (PDF).
{{cite journal}}: Cite journal requires|journal=(help) - ^ GAMBLE, JAMES L. (2009-04-27). "PHYSIOLOGICAL INFORMATION GAINED FROM STUDIES ON THE LIFE RAFT RATION1". Nutrition Reviews. 47 (7): 199–201. doi:10.1111/j.1753-4887.1989.tb02838.x. ISSN 0029-6643.
- ^ "CAB Direct". www.cabdirect.org. Retrieved 2018-05-10.
- ^ Collier, Roger (2013-06-11). "Intermittent fasting: five quick questions with fasting expert Brad Pilon". CMAJ : Canadian Medical Association Journal. 185 (9): E362. doi:10.1503/cmaj.109-4438. ISSN 0820-3946. PMC 3680566. PMID 23589435.
{{cite journal}}: CS1 maint: PMC format (link) - ^ Dart, Kate (2012-08-06), Eat, Fast and Live Longer, Michael Mosley, Joe Cordell, Luigi Fontana, retrieved 2018-05-10
- ^ Moro, Tatiana; Tinsley, Grant; Bianco, Antonino; Marcolin, Giuseppe; Pacelli, Quirico Francesco; Battaglia, Giuseppe; Palma, Antonio; Gentil, Paulo; Neri, Marco (2016-10-13). "Effects of eight weeks of time-restricted feeding (16/8) on basal metabolism, maximal strength, body composition, inflammation, and cardiovascular risk factors in resistance-trained males". Journal of Translational Medicine. 14. doi:10.1186/s12967-016-1044-0. ISSN 1479-5876. PMC 5064803. PMID 27737674.
{{cite journal}}: CS1 maint: PMC format (link) CS1 maint: unflagged free DOI (link) - ^ Patterson, Ruth E.; Sears, Dorothy D. (2017). "Metabolic Effects of Intermittent Fasting". Annual Review of Nutrition. 37 (1): 371–393. doi:10.1146/annurev-nutr-071816-064634. PMID 28715993.
- ^ Stockman, Mary-Catherine; Thomas, Dylan; Burke, Jacquelyn; Apovian, Caroline M. (2018-04-26). "Intermittent Fasting: Is the Wait Worth the Weight?". Current Obesity Reports: 1–14. doi:10.1007/s13679-018-0308-9. ISSN 2162-4968.
- ^ Harvey, Jennifer; Howell, Anthony; Morris, Julie; Harvie, Michelle (2018-02-21). "Intermittent energy restriction for weight loss: Spontaneous reduction of energy intake on unrestricted days". Food Science & Nutrition. doi:10.1002/fsn3.586. ISSN 2048-7177.
- ^ Tinsley, Grant M.; Moore, M. Lane; Graybeal, Austin J. (2018-05-01). "Reliability of hunger-related assessments during 24-hour fasts and their relationship to body composition and subsequent energy compensation". Physiology & Behavior. 188: 221–226. doi:10.1016/j.physbeh.2018.02.017. ISSN 1873-507X. PMID 29438660.
- ^ Thomas JA, Antonelli JA, Lloyd JC, et al. Effect of intermittent fasting on prostate cancer tumor growth in a mouse model. Prostate Cancer and Prostatic Dis. 2010;13:350–5. [PubMed]
- ^ Katare RG, Kakinuma Y, Arikawa M, et al. Chronic intermittent fasting improves the survival following large myocardial ischemia by activation of BDNF/VEGF/PI3K signaling pathway. J Molec Cell Cardiol. 2009;46:405–12.
- ^ "Impact of intermittent fasting on health and disease processes". Ageing Research Reviews. 39: 46–58. 2017-10-01. doi:10.1016/j.arr.2016.10.005. ISSN 1568-1637.
- ^ Corley, B. T.; Carroll, R. W.; Hall, R. M.; Weatherall, M.; Parry-Strong, A.; Krebs, J. D. (2018-02-27). "Intermittent fasting in Type 2 diabetes mellitus and the risk of hypoglycaemia: a randomized controlled trial". Diabetic Medicine. 35 (5): 588–594. doi:10.1111/dme.13595. ISSN 0742-3071.