User:HistoryofIran/Armenian rebellion of 450–451
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| Armenian rebellion of 450–451 | |||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
.jpg) 16th-century Armenian miniature depicting the Battle of Avarayr | |||||||
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| Belligerents | |||||||
| Christian Armenian rebels |
Sasanian Empire Pro-Iranian Armenians | ||||||
| Commanders and leaders | |||||||
|
Vardan Mamikonian † Arshavir II Kamsarakan Atom Gnuni (POW) Vahan II Amatuni (POW) |
Yazdegerd II Mihr-Narseh Mushkan Niusalavurt Vasak Siwni Izad Gushnasp Ashtad Mihran | ||||||
The Armenian rebellion of 450–451 was an armed uprising in Armenia in response to the Sasanian efforts to Zoroastrianize the country. The rebels were led by the military leader Vardan Mamikonian, who was ultimately defeated and killed at the Battle of Avarayr in 451. Nevertheless, religious freedom was subsequently allowed in the country.
Background
[edit]The policies of Yazdegerd II have been the matter of discussion; Arabic and Persian sources emphasize his personal piety and hostility towards the aristocracy, whilst Armenian and Syriac sources describe him as a religious fanatic. The latter aspect is often stressed in modern historiography.[1] The unsteadiness of the empire was ever increasing under Yazdegerd II, who had an uneasy relationship with the aristocracy and was facing a great challenge by the Kidarite in the east.[1] At the beginning of Yazdegerd II's reign, he suffered several defeats at the hands of the Kidarites, for which he put the blame on the Christians, due to much of his cavalry consisting of Iberians and Armenians.[1] Persecutions of Christians first started in 446 with the Christian nobles of Karkh in Mesopotamia.[1] He later shifted his focus towards the Christian aristocracy of Iberia and Armenia.[1] Yazdegerd II's persecutions of non-Zoroastrians generally seem to have been limited, with the aristocracy being the primary target.[1]
Yazdegerd II's primary goal throughout his reign was to combat the internal and external issues posing a danger to country by strengthening the royal centralisation of the bureaucracy, which demanded the cooperation of the aristocracy.[1] According to the modern historian Scott McDonough, the Zoroastrian faith was perhaps a "test of personal loyalty" for Yazdegerd II.[2] The cause of the rebellion was the attempt of Mihr Narseh to impose the Zurvanite variant of Zoroastrianism in Armenia.[1] His intentions differed from those of Yazdegerd II.[2] As a result, many of the Armenian nobles (but not all) rallied under Vardan Mamikonian, the supreme commander (sparapet) of Armenia.[3] The Armenian rebels tried to appeal to the Romans for help, but to no avail.[4] Meanwhile, another faction of Armenians, led by the marzban Vasak Siwni allied themselves with the Sasanians.[3]
The rebellion
[edit]On 2 June 451, the Sasanian and rebel forces clashed at Avarayr, with the Sasanians emerging victorious.[4] Nine generals, including Vardan Mamikonian, were killed, with a large number of the Armenian nobles and soldiers meeting the same fate.[4] The Sasanians, however, had also suffered heavy losses due to the resolute struggle by the Armenian rebels.[4] The contemporary Armenian historians Elishe and Lazar Parpetsi both give differing reports of the aftermath of the battle, albeit with the same outcome.[5] According to Elishe, Mushken was greatly upset at the heavy casualties the Iranians had suffered in the battle, and thus gave Vasak free reign in Armenia.[6] However, this resulted in even more bloodshed and turmoil, which led to the protest of many Armenian notables, and also by Mushkan himself. As a result, Vasak was imprisoned, while Adhur-Hormizd was installed the marzban (margrave) of Armenia.[7] According to Lazar, however, Mushkan was dismissed and sent back to Iran after he reported the Iranian losses to Yazdegerd II, who then appointed Adhur-Hormizd as the marzban of Armenia.[8] Not long after, Vasak was imprisoned due to his deception towards the Armenians which had caused further turmoil.[9] Although Yazdegerd II put an end to the persecutions in the country afterwards, tensions continued until 510 when a kinsman of Vardan Mamikonian, Vard Mamikonian, was appointed marzban by Yazdegerd II's grandson, Kavad I (r. 488–531).[10]
References
[edit]- ^ a b c d e f g h Sauer 2017, p. 192.
- ^ a b Sauer 2017, p. 193.
- ^ a b Avdoyan 2018.
- ^ a b c d Hewsen 1987, p. 32.
- ^ Thomson 1982, p. 7.
- ^ Thomson 1982, pp. 7, 173–174.
- ^ Thomson 1982, pp. 7, 184–185.
- ^ Thomson 1982, pp. 7, 288.
- ^ Thomson 1982, pp. 7, 282.
- ^ Nersessian 2018.
Sources
[edit]- Avdoyan, Levon (2018). "Avarayr, Battle of (Awarayr)". In Nicholson, Oliver (ed.). The Oxford Dictionary of Late Antiquity. Oxford: Oxford University Press. ISBN 978-0-19-866277-8.
{{cite encyclopedia}}: Invalid|ref=harv(help) - Daryaee, Touraj (2000). "Mehr-Narseh". Encyclopaedia Iranica.
- Daryaee, Touraj (2014). Sasanian Persia: The Rise and Fall of an Empire. I.B.Tauris. pp. 1–240. ISBN 978-0857716668.
- Daryaee, Touraj. "Yazdegerd II". Encyclopaedia Iranica.
- Hewsen, R. (1987). "Avarayr". Encyclopaedia Iranica, Vol. III, Fasc. 1. p. 32.
- Nersessian, Vrej (2018). "Persarmenia". In Nicholson, Oliver (ed.). The Oxford Dictionary of Late Antiquity. Oxford: Oxford University Press. ISBN 978-0-19-866277-8.
{{cite encyclopedia}}: Invalid|ref=harv(help) - Sauer, Eberhard (2017). Sasanian Persia: Between Rome and the Steppes of Eurasia. London and New York: Edinburgh University Press. pp. 1–336. ISBN 9781474401029.
- Thomson, Robert W. (1982). History of Vardan and the Armenian War. Cambridge: Harvard University Press. pp. 1–353. ISBN 9780674403352.