User:I.R.Bhattacharjee/BmecGrav

Biomechanics of intrinsic gravity

Biomechanics is the science concerned with the action of forces, internal or external, on the living body [1]. Biological masses are under influence of both intrinsic and extrinsic forces of gravity. Interaction effect of extrinsic (earth’s) gravity on growth and development of living organisms is being established through comparative study under microgravity in space [2].

Biological particle pyramid

On presence of intrinsic force of gravity in biological mass, a conceptual model of domain of various basic forces in the particle pyramid had been outlined 3. In ten-storied particle-pyramid of biological organisms {viz. (i) electron, proton, neutron (ii) atoms (iii) molecules (iv) compounds (colloids, crystal, mixture) (v) organelles (vi) cells (vii) tissues (viii) organs (ix) organ systems and (x) organism /individual}, organelles and its above are regarded as living.

Domain of various basic forces

As regard operational domain of various basic forces around multi-storied 'particle pyramid' of biological mass (exception being any local perturbing or limiting effect), the short range nuclear forces are stronger below atomic level; medium range electrostatic forces are stronger at compound levels. The electrostatic potential is of diatomic origin and cannot be stored in biological system as internal metabolic energy. At higher levels of particle pyramid within structural enclosure, intrinsic force of self-gravity attracts in constant manner, as if entire mass is concentrated at the centre. Magnitude of such binding force is dependent on density of the bio-mass and buoyant force of the co-moving fluid surrounding it. Internal metabolic energy counteracts intrinsic and extrinsic gravitational energy. At higher levels of particle pyramid, 'gravitational force' would therefore be stronger after increase in mass through passing of age and fall in non-storable metabolic energy in time-bound biological system [3] [4].

Research on domain of intrinsic gravity in biomass

To systematize understanding on biomechanics of intrinsic gravity, theoretical calculation shows that exertion of gravitational forces which follows inverse square law gets increased from 0.0007 to 6.6726 dynes when quantity in two masses increase from 10-4 to 10-2 grams under same separation distance of 10-6 centimeter. Similarly when separation distance is decreased from 10-6 centimeter to 10^-10centimeter for the same two masses of 10-4 grams each, the gravitational force is increased from 0.0007 to 66,726 dyne [5].

Suggested methodology

Methodology that responds only to differences in standard from nano to micron or higher level in gravitational attractions, canceling out much stronger constant extrinsic gravitational pull and various localized forces could provide valuable insight. Biological mass is not uniformly dense spherical shell. It would be possible to ingeniously locate internal mass point in self-gravitating system of live cells, as if masses are concentrated at the centre. There may be an acceleration of various peripheral particles towards mid-plane out of movement between azimuthally and radial components due to inward drag force. Also there would be an outward internal pressure of bioenergetics like metabolically inert infrastructure (MII) and [metabolic rate] (BMR). With appropriate deductions and adopting suitable marker, the net force in terms of differential strength of self gravity in a system of cells at nano to micron level could be measured with adequate statistical mechanics 6.

Metabolically inert infrastructure as structural support

Metabolically inert infrastructure (MII) consists of total body mass (body water, dissolved substances, mineral and organic deposits) and serves as storage of nutrients, transport and distribution of these materials [7]. To act independently as living body, MII was suggested also to provide structural support to the organism with density-gradient buoyant force against intrinsic and extrinsic gravitational attraction for the biological mass [8] [9]. It was shown that `amniotic fluid', `isotonic saline to ailing patient', `cultural medium' and other `medium matrices' act as counter-gravity mechanism for living organisms [18] [19].

Metabolic energy related to Mass

Relationship between mass and [[1]] energy of the living organism remains controversial. Max Rubner reported that mammalian basal metabolic rate (BMR) was proportional to mass (M 2/3) [10]. Max Kleiber [11], supported by Brody [12] modified proportionality to mass (M3/4) in organisms ranging from simple unicells to plants and endothermic vertebrates. Warm blooded, cold blooded and unicellular animals fit on different curves. Kleiber’s famous mouse-to-elephant curve and quarter-power scaling is often regarded as ubiquitous in biology. Harris-Benedict equation [13] calculates total heat production at complete rest based on weight, stature (height), and age, and with the difference in basal metabolic rate (BMR) for men and women being mainly due to differences in body weight. MD Mifflin and ST St Jeor[14] created new equation with +5 for males and −161 for female or Katch-McArdle formula[15] based on lean body mass in kilogram with woman whom, for example, has a body fat percentage of 30%, BMR would be 1262 kcal per day. To calculate daily calorie needs, this BMR value is multiplied by a factor with a value between 1.2 and 1.9, depending on the person's physical activity level (PAL) [16]. Basal metabolic rate (molecule of oxygen consumption per hour) at rest [16] is expected to be approximately proportional to intrinsic gravitational energy, whereas energy expenditure due to physical activity level (PAL) would be approximately equals to energy needed to work against extrinsic gravitational energy [8] [9]. To remain as living, metabolic energy of the biological mass works against intrinsic and extrinsic gravitational energy. It also has to do work or remain functional against extrinsic gravitational pull of the planet [8] [9].

Mimics in gravitational phenomena of biomass

Without mass, living organism does not exist. Gravity is the basic force that acts on mass. Magnitude wise small effect of intrinsic gravity [17] in biological mass seems mimic gravitational phenomena of larger mass (say stellar bodies). Living species are therefore contemplated to live and grow out of balance between individual’s inward force of self-gravity and outward metabolic energy, mass being buoyed by metabolically inert infrastructure, so also on interaction with extrinsic gravitational pressure and pull of the earth or planet [8] [9] [19]. Phenomena (mimic) of rhythmic growth and development of living bodies through phases of contraction followed by expansion alternately, isostatic balance i.e. balances between lighter and heavier mass in relation to centre of self-gravity, convectional flow pattern leading to bilateral symmetry and other pertinent features including sigmoid shape evolutionary process, on being subjected by changing external gravitational force have some similarity with other self-gravitating bodies of the universe and these were outlined on the principles of equivalence [3][18][19][20].

Self gravitation bio

To carry out more focus research on biomechanics of intrinsic gravity, a new field of study named as ‘self gravitation bio’ had been initiated during 2008[21]

References

1.Definition compiled by members of the NSCORT Journal Club and organized and edited by Dr. Nicolle Zellner: Center for Studies of Origins of Life, Rensselaer Polytechnic Inst., Troy, NY 12180:http://www.origins.rpi.edu/.

2.Morey-Holton, E.R.: The Impact of Gravity on Life. In: Evolution on Planet Earth: The impact of the Physical Environment, edited by L. Rothschild and A. Lister, New York: Academic Press: p 143-159 in p 1-428:2003.

3.Bhattacharjee, I.R.: Self-Gravity Dictates Biological Growth-in Myth or in Reality?:Proc.(Abstr.ID 327 General Biological Physics): 6th International Conference On Biological Physics (ICBP 2007), Montevideo, Uruguay, 27-31 August, 2007. http://icbp2007.congresoselis.info/resumenAmpliado.php?idTL=455

4.Bhattacharjee, I.R. Biomechanics of Intrinsic gravity: Self-Gravity Dictates Biological Growth. Proc. Joint 52nd Annual Meeting of the Biophysical Society and 16th IUPAB International Biophysics Congress, 2-6 February, Long Beach, California, USA) 2008.

5.Waiker, John: Howstuffworks- Bending Spacetime in the Basement: http://www.fourmilab.ch/gravitation/foobar/.

6.Bhattacharjee, I.R., Rajan Kashyap and Shaptadvipa B. Self Gravitation Bio: How To Measure Strength Of Intrinsic Gravity In Biomass? Pos-L237: 53rd Annual Meeting of the Biophysical Society, Boston, Massachusetts, February 28- March 4, 2009. http://www.abstractsonline.com/plan/ViewAbstract.aspx?mID=2294&sKey=ffbcc7a6-e87c-4238-ad30-edbd4b98b188&cKey=9cd3dd26-1f59-495a-8b50-7d603bb78a44&mKey=699dea71-10c2-4fff-a9e0-62aa4824fb1e

7.Spaargaren, D.H. Metabolic rate and body size- A new view on the ‘Surface Law’ for basic metabolic rate. Acta Biotheoretica. 42, (4). 263-269. 1994.

8.Bhattacharjee, I.R. Thoughts on biomechanics of intrinsic gravity: Proc. 96th Indian Science Congress Part II (Abstracts) Section XII (45): New Biology (including Biochemistry, Biophysics and Molecular Biology & Biotechnology) p38: 3-7 January, Shillong, Meghalaya. 2009.

9.Bhattacharjee, I.R., Rajan Kashyap and Shaptadvipa B. Intrinsic gravity versus metabolically inert infrastructure and basal metabolic rate in living mass: Proc. 7th European Biophysics Congress 11 -15 July, Genoa, Italy 2009.Eur Biophys J (2009) 38 (suppl.1):S35-S212. DOI 10-1007/s00249-009-0478-1. http://www.springerlink.com/content/c4m1n271q0383123/

10.Rubner, M. Zeitschrift fur Biologie 19, 536–562. 1883. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC153045/

11. Kleiber, M. Hilgardia 6, 315–353. 1932.

12. Brody, S. Bioenergetics and Growth (Reinhold, New York) 1945.

13. Harris J, Benedict F. "A Biometric Study of Human Basal Metabolism". Proc Sci U S a 4 (12): 370–3. 1918. doi:10.1073/pnas.4.12.370. PMID 16576330.

14. MD Mifflin, ST St Jeor, LA Hill, BJ Scott, SA Daugherty and YO Koh. A new predictive equation for resting energy expenditure in healthy individuals. American Journal of Clinical Nutrition, Vol 51, 241-247, 1990.

15. McArdle W, Katch F, Katch V. Enviromental factors and exercise. In: McArdle W, Katch F, Katch V (eds). Essentials of Exercise Physiology. Lea and Febiger: Philadelphia, pp 423–448, 1994.

16. Basal Metabolic Rate- Wikipedia. Basal_metabolic_rate

17. Marasakatla Karunakar. Gravity from a New Angle. 9:53-54. ISBN-13:978-0-98197-687-7 August 2009.

18. Bhattacharjee,I.R.: Gravity Dictates Life-Death and Biological Growth (also agricultural productivity) Introductory Concept: ISBN-13: 9788170193203.March 1988. http://www.amazon.com/gp/offer-listing/8170193206/ref=dp_olp_0?ie=UTF8&redirect=true&qid=1281614017&sr=1-1&condition=all

19. Bhattacharjee,I.R.:Proc. (Abstr. Agril. Sciences):Part IV:76th session: Indian Science Congress:Madurai, 7-12 Jan, 1989.

20. Bhattacharjee,I.R.: Self-Gravity Dictates Biological Growth p 1-57, May 1989.

21. Biophysical Society 2008 Membership Directory. p.177. 2008 “Self Gravitation Bio”.