User:Ian.c.witter/sandbox

The Federal Consistency Section 307 of the "Coastal Zone Management Act of 1972" gives individual states a say in federal decisions that would affect their coastal areas. The Vineyard Wind and Rhode Island Coastal Resources Management Council (CRMC) came into conflict with each other over the proposed addition of wind turbines to a section of Rhode Island coast. The coastal area lay outside of CRMC jurisdiction, but it was determined that the placement would effect the fisheries within the region. The CRMC decided to get involved and attempt to influence this decision. They used the Ocean Special Area Management Plan (Ocean SAMP) as the guidelines for how they would get involved with Vineyard Wind. The CRMC and Vineyard Wind were able to stay the decision several times to properly allow the use of the Ocean SAMP in order to allow for proper science to be conducted as well as the development of management plans. This led to a lengthy process during which Vineyard Wind brought forth several alternatives to their original plan in order to bring themselves in line with the CRMC and the local fishers they represented recommendations and regulations. In the end thanks to the involvement of all stakeholders and a clear set of achievable guidelines Vineyard Wind and the CRMC were able to come to an agreement that allowed for wind energy turbines to be introduced to the area.

Marine Spatial Planning in Indonesia

Marine Spatial Planning has been adopted by the Indonesian government with the establishment of the Savu Sea Marine National Park. The Nature Conservancy and the Institut Teknologi Bandung led the effort to engage in MSP by taking several steps in setting up the Savu Sea Marine National Park. The first two parts were focused on gathering data on the Savu Sea consisting of threats to the sea and then a series of surveys on the biodiversity features. This data was used to establish four zones for the park: a core zone, a sustainable fisheries zone, a marine tourism zone, and an others zone. MSP was used to avoid conflict by the Nature Conservancy and the Team for Assessment, Establishment, and Management of the Savu Sea National Marine Park during the stakeholder engagement by bringing together over 1,000 people and 94 villages into the management and planning process. The use of MSP in this region of Indonesia is intended to prevent further conflict over the regions marine resources by the myriad groups that have access to them.

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  Savu Sea from space

Punctuated Equilibrium in Environmental Policy

Punctuated equilibrium theory intersects with the development of environmental policy at key junctures that result in long-lasting changes to environmental policy. These punctuations come after periods of equilibria when new ideas are brought the forefront of government agendas. After a period of reviewing alternatives to the current environmental policy this punctuation ends when an alternative, based on policy images from that time, is adopted. This restarts another period of enduring equilibria based upon the reforms to policy that generally last a significant amount of time until another critical decision point (punctuation) is reached . Understanding this generally accepted theory is very important to understanding how environmental policies are set in place and how to get long-lasting changes made to current environmental policy. An example of how this works in practice can be found in the case of the Exxon Valdez disaster off the coast of Alaska.

In 1989 the oil tank Exxon Valdez ran aground on the Bligh Reef releasing 11 million gallons of oil in the ocean along nearly one thousand miles of Alaskan coastline. This disaster marked the end of long period of equilibria within environmental policy with regards to the marine oil trade in Alaska that dated back to 1972 . There were little no real changes to policy during this time and those that did take place were very incremental and made no significant changes to policy. The Exxon Valdez incident prompted widespread change in policy especially with regards to the design of oil tanker by mandating that they be double-hulled and the passing of the Oil Pollution Act of 1990 . The Exxon Valdez incident was the largest of four spills along American coastlines in 1989 . This brought the importance of the issue to the forefront of the US governments agenda. This completes the first part of the punctuation. The affected communities and experts in marine issues brought forward several alternatives to the current agenda. This is the policy image that allows to the government to make changes to policy thanks to the punctuation brought on by the disasters. Once the Oil Pollution Act passed there was a significant drop in public attention to the issue of policy with regards to marine oil . This indicates the start of another period of equilibria that will exist until a critical point, most likely caused by another crisis, is reached . At which point the process will most likely repeat itself.

Conflict in the Grey Zone

Edit 1: Canadian fisheries have an offseason from July 1 to mid-November every year, while the US-based fisheries do not have a designated offseason . This has led the Canadian fishermen to accuse the American fishermen off overfishing within the "Grey Zone".

Edit 2: Climate change, specifically ocean warming, is driving lobster north and destroying lobster fisheries further south in Rhode Island and Massachusetts . Within the American and Canadian lobster fishing communities this induces fear of losing their livelihood and way of life and when combined with lack of effective governance this drives these communities past mere competition and into conflict with each other.

Edit 3: The Canadian and American governments do not agree on conservation methods and view the area within the “Grey Zone” as an area to protect their own interests, not as an opportunity to cooperate and create a sustainable fishery . This attitude is reflected in how the fishing communities view each other. The need to sustain separate economies and the institutional failure of both governments results in these communities viewing the other as taking what is rightfully theirs, being treated unfairly by the other countries government, and risking the collapse of their lives . The competition over the natural resource, lobster, when combined with those social and political factors result in a growing conflict.

Human Impacts

Based on her extensive research into marine resources, policy, and conflict Karen Alexander proposes a new theory of marine and coastal conflict. It is as follows “Increased competition for ocean and coastal goods and services, driven by a changing social-ecological environment, may be transformed into conflict by political and social factors that shape the rules, rights, and effects of human resources” . This theory relies on two base parts in order to be understood. The first is that changes in the social-ecological environment result in more competition over goods and services provided by oceans and coastal areas. These competitions can be healthy and result in benefits for those involved when it is used to accomplish quality objectives or spark creativity. It can also be a very bad thing when it becomes impersonal and relies on one party succeeding by restricting access to goods and services to another. These competitions for marine resources rapidly outpace the ability of many governments to property regulate them. Competition in a vacuum rarely produces conflict by itself. This is where the second part of the theory comes into play .

The second part of the theory is that competition can become conflict when the competition is shaped by political and social factors. This is important because the drivers of change that lead to competition probably will not change, but the social and political factors that can cause this competition to end in conflict can change. When people believe that they or their livelihood are being threatened by another group conflict will arise. If this conflict can not be settled peacefully it can end in violence of some kind. This theory can seem almost common sense, but it is actually highly complex when broken down into its components and all the variables added in .

This theory of marine and coastal conflict can be put into practice using real world examples of past marine and coastal conflicts over resources. In 1979 Seadrift, Texas saw violence erupt due to conflict over the entrance of Vietnamese refugees into the local crabbing industry . Several drivers of change can easily be highlighted within this conflict. The incoming Vietnamese refugees caused an increase in population. Their entrance into the crabbing industry affected both the economic imperative and the security of the supply of crabs. There was also an institutional failure to properly introduce them to the local community. These factors set the Vietnamese fisherman into competition with the Texan fisherman. That is the first part of the theory at work. Where this competition jumped from pure competition into conflict is the point at which social and political variables became entangled in the competition and this is the second part of the theory. The Texan fisherman felt that the Vietnamese were stealing from their crabbing locations which directly affected their wellbeing. The Texans reacted based on racist assumptions about the Vietnamese being “Viet Cong” and began to push back on the Vietnamese. Due to the local government not having the resources to mediate this growing conflict it escalated and a white man was shot. The trial was held in another location and the Vietnamese man was acquitted. This outraged the local fisherman. This is when the KKK attempted to step in and escalate the situation even further. Eventually the town of Seadrift held a town hall and rejected the KKK and moved towards working with the Vietnamese and not against them . The path this conflict took and the factors that drove it to the point of becoming conflict provides evidence to the validity of Alexander's theory of marine and coastal conflict.

Option 1

Source:

1. ^
2. ^
3. ^
4. ^ Jump up to: ^{a b c d e f g h i}
5. ^
6. ^
7. ^
8. ^
9. ^
10. ^
11. ^
12. ^ "humpback whales in Hawaii pictures, behaviors". sailhawaii.com. Archived from the original on 2008-04-03. Retrieved 2008-04-09

External Links:

• Hawaiian Islands Humpback Whale National Marine Sanctuary
• Sanctuary Education Center
• Hawaiian Islands Humpback Whale National Marine Sanctuary
• Hawaiian Islands Humpback Whale National Marine Sanctuary
• humpback whale - Megaptera novaeangliae
• humpback whale on PBS
• Whale Hawaii

Option 2

Sources:

1. ^
2. ^
3. ^  External link in |website=(help)
4. ^ JMPMU 55, 2007^{[full citation needed]}
5. ^
6. ^ External link in |website= (help)
7. ^http://www.legislation.gov.uk/ukpga/2009/23/pdfs/ukpga_20090023_en.pdf^{[full citation needed]}
8. ^ ^{[full citation needed]}
9. ^ ^{[full citation needed]}
10. ^
11. ^
12. ^ http://seagrant.gso.uri.edu/oceansamp/^{[full citation needed]}
13. ^ Stelzenmüller, Vanessa; Breen, Patricia; Stamford, Tammy; Thomsen, Frank; Badalamenti, Fabio; Borja, Ángel; Buhl-Mortensen, Lene; Carlstöm, Julia; d'Anna, Giovanni; Dankers, Norbert; Degraer, Steven; Dujin, Mike; Fiorentino, Fabio; Galparsoro, Ibon; Giakoumi, Sylvaine; Gristina, Michele; Johnson, Kate; Jones, Peter J.S.; Katsanevakis, Stelios; Knittweis, Leyla; Kyriazi, Zacharoula; Pipitone, Carlo; Piwowarczyk, Joanna; Rabaut, Marijn; Sørensen, Thomas K.; Van Dalfsen, Jan; Vassilopoulou, Vassiliki; Vega Fernández, Tomás; Vincx, Magda; et al. (2013). "Monitoring and evaluation of spatially managed areas: A generic framework for implementation of ecosystem based marine management and its application". Marine Policy. 37: 149–64. doi:10.1016/j.marpol.2012.04.012.

Further Reading

• ABPmer (2005), Marine Spatial Planning Pilot Literature Review Peterborough.
• Online:http://www.abpmer.net/mspp
• ABPmer (2006), Marine Spatial Planning Pilot Final Report. Peterborough.
• Online:http://www.abpmer.net/mspp
• Joint Marine Programme Marine Update 55 (2007): Marine Spatial Planning: A down to earth view of managing activities in the marine environment for the benefit of humans and wildlife
• Long R. (2007). Marine Resource Law. Dublin: Thompson Round Hall
• Gubbay S. (2004). Marine protected areas in the context of marine spatial planning—discussing the links. A report for WWF-UK Online: https://web.archive.org/web/20070106114002/http://www.wwf.org.uk/filelibrary/pdf/MPAs-marinespacialplanning.pdf

External Sources

• UNESCO International Ocean Council MSP Guide
• NOAA's MSP Information Site
• Marine Spatial Planning from Plymouth Marine Institute
• White House Memorandum creating Interagency Ocean Policy Task Force
• Washington's MSP Site
• MESMA Toolbox for monitoring and evaluation of marine spatial planning

Option 3

Sources:

1. ^ Jump up to: ^{a b} Division of Forestry and Wildlife 2010, p. 12
2. ^ Division of Forestry and Wildlife 2010, p. 10
3. ^ Jump up to: ^{a b c} Division of Forestry and Wildlife 2010, p. 13
4. ^ Jump up to: ^{a b} Division of Forestry and Wildlife 2010, p. 14
5. ^ Jump up to: ^{a b} Division of Forestry and Wildlife 2010, p. 15
6. ^ Jump up to: ^{a b c d}
7. ^ Jump up to: ^{a b c d} Division of Forestry and Wildlife 2010, p. 16
8. ^ Jump up to: ^{a b} Division of Forestry and Wildlife 2010, p. 17
9. ^
10. ^ Jump up to: ^{a b} Division of Forestry and Wildlife 2010, p. 19
11. ^ Jump up to: ^{a b c d}
12. ^ Jump up to: ^{a b c d}
13. ^ Division of Forestry and Wildlife 2010, p. 20
14. ^ Division of Forestry and Wildlife (October 20, 2010). ‘Āhihi-Kīna‘u Natural Area Reserve Draft Management Plan(PDF) (Report). Maui, Hawaii: Department of Land and Natural Resources. Archived from the original (PDF) on 15 June 2011. Retrieved 24 November 2016.