User:Iazyges/Phocas
| Phocas | |||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Emperor of the Romans | |||||||||
_(14746413442).jpg) An illustration of Phocas, based upon coins bearing his image | |||||||||
| Emperor of the Byzantine Empire | |||||||||
| Reign | 23 November 602 – 5 October 610 | ||||||||
| Predecessor | Maurice and Theodosius | ||||||||
| Successor | Heraclius | ||||||||
| Died | 5 October 610 Constantinople | ||||||||
| Spouse | Leontia | ||||||||
| Issue | Domentzia | ||||||||
| |||||||||
| Mother | Domentzia | ||||||||
Phocas (Latin: Flavius Phocas Augustus; Greek: Φωκᾶς, Phokas; – 5 October 610) was Byzantine Emperor from 602 to 610. The early life of Phocas is largely unknown, but he rose to prominence in 602, as a leader in the revolt against Emperor Maurice. Phocas captured Constantinople and overthrew Maurice on 23 November 602, and declared himself as Byzantine Emperor on the same day. Phocas deeply distrusted the elite of Constantinople, and therefore installed his relatives in high military positions, and brutally purged his opponents. Phocas was an incompetent leader, both of the administration and army, and under him the Byzantine Empire was threatened by multiple enemies, with frequent raids in the Balkans from the Avars and Slavs, and a Sassanid invasion of the eastern provinces. Because of Phocas' incompetence and brutality, the Exarch of Carthage, Heraclius the Elder, rebelled against him. Heraclius the Elder's son, Heraclius, succeeded in taking Constantinople on 5 October 610, and executed Phocas on the same day, before declaring himself the Byzantine Emperor.
Life[edit]
Flavius Phocas was born at an unknown date.[1] The life of Phocas before his usurpation of the Byzantine Empire is obscure, but it is known that he served as a low ranking officer under Emperor Maurice. Phocas was one of the leaders of a revolt against the unpopular Emperor Maurice in 602, and during the chaos that ensued in Constantinople, Phocas was declared emperor, on 23 November 602.[2][3] Maurice fled the city with his sons, Theodosius and Tiberius, however they were soon after captured and executed. Despite the execution of the previous emperor and his dynastic successors, Phocas remained in a precarious position, which led him to devote his energy to purging enemies and destroying conspiracies. Because of this focus, and the local resistance he faced all throughout the Byzantine Empire, he was unable to confront foreign attacks on the empire's frontiers. The Avars and Slavs launched numerous raids into the Balkan provinces of the Byzantine Empire, and the Sassanian Empire launched an invasion of the eastern provinces of the empire.[2] The Sassanids rapidly occupied the eastern provinces, leading the Magister militum per Orientem, Narses, to defect to their side. Phocas swiftly dealt with him, by way of inviting him to Constantinople under the promise of safe conduct, then having him burnt alive when he arrived. By 607, the Sassanids had occupied Mesopotamia, Syria, and much of Asia Minor, as far as the Bosphorus.[4]
Phocas was an incompetent administrator, who was unable to control either the state or the army effectively.[5] Due to his distrust of the bulk of Constantinople's elite, who he had no connection with before becoming emperor, Phocas practised nepotism, frequently filling senior military positions with his relatives. He installed: his brother Domentziolus as Magister officiorum in 603; his nephew Domentziolus as Magister militum per Orientem in 604, giving him command over the eastern provinces; and his brother Comentiolus as Magister militum per Orientem around 610. All three remained loyal to Phocas until they were killed by Heraclius.[6] Of the three known male blood-relatives of Phocas, all three were appointed to senior posts, two in military positions and one in an administrative position. Phocas also appointed Priscus, who was his son-in-law by way of his marriage to Phocas' daughter Domentzia, as Comes excubitorum, the captain of the Excubitors, in 603.[7]
Despite being appointed as Comes excubitorum, Priscus was not loyal to Phocas, and in 608 he appealed to Heraclius the Elder, the Exarch of Carthage, to rebel against Phocas.[7] Heraclius the Elder agreed, and began to prepare to invade, by cutting off the supply of grain to Constantinople and assembling a large army and navy. Heraclius the Elder launched his invasion in 609, with his cousin, Nicetas, marching troops overland to the capital, and his son, Heraclius, leading a naval invasion of Thessaloniki, before marching to Constantinople. Heraclius arrived outside of Constantinople on 3 October 610, and seized the city on 5 October. Heraclius was declared emperor on the same day, and swiftly had Phocas executed.[8]
References[edit]
- ^ Crawford 2013, p. 27.
- ^ a b Kleinhenz 2017, p. 890.
- ^ Carr 2015, p. 79.
- ^ Carr 2015, p. 80.
- ^ Parnell 2016, p. 6.
- ^ Parnell 2016, p. 136.
- ^ a b Parnell 2016, p. 137.
- ^ Carr 2015, p. 81.
Bibliography[edit]
- Carr, John (2015). Fighting Emperors of Byzantium. Pen and Sword. ISBN 9781473856400.
- Crawford, Peter (2013). The War of the Three Gods: Romans, Persians and the Rise of Islam. Pen and Sword. ISBN 9781473829510.
- Kleinhenz, Christopher (2017). Routledge Revivals: Medieval Italy (2004): An Encyclopedia. Taylor & Francis. ISBN 9781351664431.
- Parnell, David Alan (2016). Justinian's Men: Careers and Relationships of Byzantine Army Officers, 518-610. Springer. ISBN 9781137562043.