User:Ina301/Sex Differences

Male variability

IQ

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2016	Gender differences in variability and extreme scores in an international context	http://largescaleassessmentsineducation.springeropen.com/articles/10.1186/s40536-015-0015-x
1994	Sex Differences in Variability in Intellectual Abilities: A New Look at an Old Controversy	http://rer.sagepub.com/content/62/1/61.short
2008	Sex Differences in Variability in General Intelligence: A New Look at the Old Question	http://pps.sagepub.com/content/3/6/518.abstract
2003	Population sex differences in IQ at age 11: the Scottish mental survey 1932	http://saravanan.org/wp-content/uploads/2012/10/10.1.1.180.2251.pdf
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Variability_hypothesis

Toy Choices

Non-humans:

Year	Title	Link	Reference
2002	Sex differences in response to children's toys in nonhuman primates (Cercopithecus aethiops sabaeus)	http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S1090513802001071
2008	Sex differences in rhesus monkey toy preferences parallel those of children	http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0018506X08000949
2010	Sex differences in chimpanzees' use of sticks as play objects resemble those of children	http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0960982210014491

Humans:

Year	Title	Link	Reference
1992	Early Androgens Are Related to Childhood Sex-Typed Toy Preferences	http://pss.sagepub.com/content/3/3/203.short
2005	Prenatal hormones and postnatal socialization by parents as determinants of male-typical toy play in girls with congenital adrenal hyperplasia	http://people.uncw.edu/hungerforda/Infancy/PDF/Prenatal%20hormones%20and%20postnatal%20socialization.pdf
2009	Fetal Testosterone Predicts Sexually Differentiated Childhood Behavior in Girls and in Boys	http://pss.sagepub.com/content/20/2/144.short

Brains

Year	Title	Link	Reference
2015	Sex beyond the genitalia: The human brain mosaic	http://www.pnas.org/content/112/50/15468.full
2015	Del Giudice, Marco, et al. "Mosaic Brains? A Methodological Critique of Joel et al.(2015)	http://cogprints.org/10046/1/Delgiudice_etal_critique_joel_2015.pdf
x	Joel et al.'s method systematically fails to detect large, consistent sex differences.	z
x	Multivariate revisit to “sex beyond the genitalia”	z
x	Patterns in the human brain mosaic discriminate males from females.	z
x	Reply to Del Giudice et al., Chekroud et al., and Rosenblatt: Do brains of females and males belong to two distinct populations?	z
x	y	z

Sex

2017 : WHAT SCIENTIFIC TERM OR CONCEPT OUGHT TO BE MORE WIDELY KNOWN?

Sex - Helena Cronin

Miscellaneous

Teenage Boys vs. Women

But phone access in America was to become a popular right; something like universal suffrage, only more so. American women could not yet vote when the phone system came through; yet from the beginning American women doted on the telephone. This "feminization" of the American telephone was often commented on by foreigners. Phones in America were not censored or stiff or formalized; they were social, private, intimate, and domestic. In America, Mother's Day is by far the busiest day of the year for the phone network.

The early telephone companies, and especially AT&T, were among the foremost employers of American women. They employed the daughters of the American middle-class in great armies: in 1891, eight thousand women; by 1946, almost a quarter of a million. Women seemed to enjoy telephone work; it was respectable, it was steady, it paid fairly well as women's work went, and—not least—it seemed a genuine contribution to the social good of the community. Women found Vail's ideal of public service attractive. This was especially true in rural areas, where women operators, running extensive rural party- lines, enjoyed considerable social power. The operator knew everyone on the party-line, and everyone knew her. Although Bell himself was an ardent suffragist, the telephone company did not employ women for the sake of advancing female liberation. AT&T did this for sound commercial reasons. The first telephone operators of the Bell system were not women, but teenage American boys. They were telegraphic messenger boys (a group about to be rendered technically obsolescent), who swept up around the phone office, dunned 23 customers for bills, and made phone connections on the switchboard, all on the cheap.

Within the very first year of operation, 1878, Bell's company learned a sharp lesson about combining teenage boys and telephone switchboards. Putting teenage boys in charge of the phone system brought swift and consistent disaster. Bell's chief engineer described them as "Wild Indians." The boys were openly rude to customers. They talked back to subscribers, saucing off, uttering facetious remarks, and generally giving lip. The rascals took Saint Patrick's Day off without permission. And worst of all they played clever tricks with the switchboard plugs: disconnecting calls, crossing lines so that customers found themselves talking to strangers, and so forth.

This combination of power, technical mastery, and effective anonymity seemed to act like catnip on teenage boys. This wild-kid-on-the-wires phenomenon was not confined to the USA; from the beginning, the same was true of the British phone system. An early British commentator kindly remarked: "No doubt boys in their teens found the work not a little irksome, and it is also highly probable that under the early conditions of employment the adventurous and inquisitive spirits of which the average healthy boy of that age is possessed, were not always conducive to the best attention being given to the wants of the telephone subscribers." So the boys were flung off the system—or at least, deprived of control of the switchboard. But the "adventurous and inquisitive spirits" of the teenage boys would be heard from in the world of telephony, again and again.