'''Cocopa''' are [[Native American]] peoples of the american southwest. At first contact with europeans (sixteenth century), the Cocopa tribe inhabited the lands in the lower reaches of the [[Colorado River]]. The Cocopa were part of a larger regional grouping of tribes called the [[Kumeyaay]], which are a [[Yuman]] people.
Tribes along the lower Colorado River practiced irrigated agriculture, as evidenced by ancient canals...
The establishment of the U.S. border in YEAR split the tribal lands of the Cocopa in two, so today Cocopa live on both sides of the U.S. - Mexico Border.
is a [[Native American]] tribe that emigated from [[Baja California]], [[Mexico]], and settled on the lower reaches of the [[Colorado River (U.S.)|Colorado River]]. They are a [[Yuman]] people. About 600 members live on the 6000 acre (24 km²) Cocopah Reservation southwest of [[Yuma, Arizona]], [[United States|USA]]. There is a [[Indian gaming|casino and bingo hall]].
[[Kumeyaay]]
The Cocopah Indian Reservation is located in low lying desert approximately 13 miles south of [[Yuma]] and bounded by the Colorado River.
Another Yuman tribe, the [[Quechan]], lives in the adjacent Ft. Yuma Reservation.
{{ethno-stub}}
==Language==
Cocopa is a Delta Yuman language of the [[Yuman-Cochimí]] language family spoken by Cocopa peoples. It is still being learned by children.
{{na-lang-stub}}
===Sounds===
====Consonants====
Cocopa has 21 consonants:
{| class="wikitable"
|-
| colspan="2" rowspan="2" |
! rowspan="2" | [[Bilabial consonant|Bilabial]]
! rowspan="2" | [[Alveolar consonant|Alveolar]]
! rowspan="2" | [[Retroflex consonant|Retroflex]]
! rowspan="2" | [[Palatal consonant|Palatal]]
! colspan="2" | [[Velar consonant|Velar]]
! rowspan="2" | [[Glottal consonant|Glottal]]
|-
| plain
| labial
|-
| '''Stop'''
|
| align="center" | {{IPA|p}}
| align="center" | {{IPA|t}}
| align="center" | {{IPA|ʈ}}
|
| align="center" | {{IPA|k}}
| align="center" | {{IPA|kʷ}}
| align="center" | {{IPA|ʔ}}
|-
| '''Affricate'''
|
|
|
|
| align="center" | {{IPA|ʧ}}
|
|
|
|-
| '''Nasal'''
|
| align="center" | {{IPA|m}}
| align="center" | {{IPA|n}}
|
| align="center" | {{IPA|nʲ}}
|
|
|
|-
| '''Trill'''
|
|
| align="center" | {{IPA|r}}
|
|
|
|
|
|-
| rowspan="2" | '''Fricative'''
| central
|
| align="center" | {{IPA|s}}
| align="center" | {{IPA|ʂ}}
| align="center" | {{IPA|ʃ}}
| align="center" | {{IPA|x}}
| align="center" | {{IPA|xʷ}}
|
|-
| lateral
|
|
|
| align="center" | {{IPA|ɬʲ}}
|
|
|
|-
| rowspan="2" | '''Approximant'''
| central
|
|
|
| align="center" | {{IPA|j}}
|
| align="center" | {{IPA|w}}
|
|-
| lateral
|
| align="center" | {{IPA|l}}
|
| align="center" | {{IPA|lʲ}}
|
|
|
|}
====Vowels====
==External link==
*http://www.cocopah.com/
*[http://www.kumeyaay.com/ The Kumeyaay Story, From the Kumeyayy Perspective]
==Bibliography==
* Mithun, Marianne. (1999). ''The languages of Native North America''. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. ISBN 0-521-23228-7 (hbk); ISBN 0-521-29875-X.
* Wares, Alan C. (1968). ''A comparative study of Yuman consonantism''. Janua linguarum, Series practica (No. 57). The Hauge: Mouton.
==break#################################==
=River=
Rivers serve important [[ecosystem functions]]. They support [[aquatic habitat]] and [[riparian habitat]]. Some rivers also support [[River deltas|deltas]], [[estuaries]], or [[lakes]].
Healthy and complex river systems support [[fish]], [[invertebrates]], [[amphibians]], [[birds]], plants, and [[mammals]].
Rivers also supply [[people]], [[farms]], and [[factories]] with a source of [[water supply]], [[hydropower]], and a means of [[wastewater]] conveyance. Some rivers are [[pristine]], while others are [[pollution|highly polluted]]. Some rivers [[unimpaired river|run free]], while others are managed by [[dam|dams]].
In the United States, laws such as the [[Clean Water Act]] were enacted by the [[Congress]] and the [[President]] to help protect rivers for all [[beneficial uses]]. Beneficial uses include [[domestic]], [[industry|industrial]], and [[agricultural]] supply, habitat, hydropower -- in the past, at least in the developing [[western United States]], [[consumptive uses]] have been given higher value than ecosystem uses. This has resulted in the decline of numerous [terrestrial species|terrestrial]],
=LCR=
==Habitat Types of the Colorado River==
===Upper Colorado River===
===Lower Colorado River===
The following plant community structures have been identified within the [[floodplain]] of the Lower Colorado River.
*[[Cottonwood-willow]]
*[[Salt cedar-honey mesquite]]
*[[Salt cedar-screwbean mesquite]]
*[[Salt cedar]]
*[[Honey mesquite]]
*[[Arrowweed]]
*[[Atriplex]]
*[[Creosote]]
==Endangered Species of the Colorado River==
===Upper Colorado River==
==Lower Colorado River==
====Special-Status Fish Species in the LCR====
====Amphibians And Reptiles====
<table border=1px>
<tr>
<td align="top" width=30%>'''Common name'''</td>
<td align="top" width=25%>'''Scientific Name''' </td>
<td align="top" width=10%>'''Federal Status'''</td>
<td align="top" width=10%>'''State Status'''</td>
<td align="top" width=25%>'''Habitat'''</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td align="top">[[Colorado river toad]] </td>
<td align="top">''Bufo alvarius'' </td>
<td align="top"> </td>
<td align="top"> </td>
<td align="top"> </td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td align="top">[[Lowland leopard frog]] </td>
<td align="top">''Rana yavapaiensis'' </td>
<td align="top"> SC
AWC
W, A </td>
<td align="top"> </td>
<td align="top"> </td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td align="top">[[Northern leopard frog]] </td>
<td align="top">''Rana pipiens'' </td>
<td align="top"> - CSC
AWC
W, A </td>
<td align="top"> </td>
<td align="top"> </td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td align="top">[[Relict leopard frog]] </td>
<td align="top">''Rana onca'' </td>
<td align="top"> - AWC W, A </td>
<td align="top"> </td>
<td align="top"> </td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td align="top">[[Sonoran mud turtle]] </td>
<td align="top">''Kinosternon sonoriense'' </td>
<td align="top"> CSC A </td>
<td align="top"> </td>
<td align="top"> </td>
</tr>
</table>
====Bird Species====
<table border=1px>
<tr>
<td align="top" width=30%>'''Common name'''</td>
<td align="top" width=25%>'''Scientific Name''' </td>
<td align="top" width=10%>'''Federal Status'''</td>
<td align="top" width=10%>'''State Status'''</td>
<td align="top" width=25%>'''Habitat'''</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td align="top">[[American peregrine falcon]]</td>
<td align="top">''Falco peregrinus anatum'' </td>
<td align="top"> </td>
<td align="top"> </td>
<td align="top"> </td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td align="top">[[Arizona Bell’s vireo]] </td>
<td align="top">''Vireo bellii arizonae'' </td>
<td align="top"> </td>
<td align="top"> </td>
<td align="top"> </td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td align="top">[[Bald eagle]] </td>
<td align="top">''Haliaeetus leucocephalus'' </td>
<td align="top"> </td>
<td align="top"> </td>
<td align="top"> </td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td align="top">[[Burrowing owl]] </td>
<td align="top">''Athene cunicularia'' </td>
<td align="top"> </td>
<td align="top"> </td>
<td align="top"> </td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td align="top">[[California black rail]] </td>
<td align="top"> ''Laterallus jamaicensis coturniculus'' </td>
<td align="top"> </td>
<td align="top"> </td>
<td align="top"> </td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td align="top">[[California brown pelican]] </td>
<td align="top"> ''Pelecanus occidentalis californicus'' </td>
<td align="top"> </td>
<td align="top"> </td>
<td align="top"> </td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td align="top">[[Clark’s grebe]] </td>
<td align="top">Aechmophorus clarkii </td>
<td align="top"> </td>
<td align="top"> </td>
<td align="top"> </td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td align="top">[[Crissal thrasher]] </td>
<td align="top">''Toxostoma crissale'' </td>
<td align="top"> </td>
<td align="top"> </td>
<td align="top"> </td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td align="top">[[Elf owl]] </td>
<td align="top">''Micrathene whitneyi'' </td>
<td align="top"> </td>
<td align="top"> </td>
<td align="top"> </td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td align="top">[[Fulvous whistling-duck]] </td>
<td align="top">Dendrocygna bicolor </td>
<td align="top"> </td>
<td align="top"> </td>
<td align="top"> </td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td align="top">[[Gila woodpecker]] </td>
<td align="top">''Melanerpes uropygialis'' </td>
<td align="top"> </td>
<td align="top"> </td>
<td align="top"> </td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td align="top">[[Gilded northern flicker]] </td>
<td align="top"> ''Colaptes auratus chrysoides'' </td>
<td align="top"> </td>
<td align="top"> </td>
<td align="top"> </td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td align="top">[[Golden eagle]]</td>
<td align="top">''Aquila chrysaetos'' </td>
<td align="top"> </td>
<td align="top"> </td>
<td align="top"> </td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td align="top">[[Greater sandhill crane]]</td>
<td align="top">Grus canadensis tadiba </td>
<td align="top"> </td>
<td align="top"> </td>
<td align="top"> </td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td align="top">[[Harris hawk]] </td>
<td align="top">''Parabuteo unicinctus'' </td>
<td align="top"> </td>
<td align="top"> </td>
<td align="top"> </td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td align="top">[[Large-billed savannah sparrow]]</td>
<td align="top">''Passerculus sandwichensis rostratus'' </td>
<td align="top"> </td>
<td align="top"> </td>
<td align="top"> </td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td align="top">[[Least bittern]] </td>
<td align="top">''Ixobrychus exilis'' </td>
<td align="top"> </td>
<td align="top"> </td>
<td align="top"> </td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td align="top">[[Southwestern willow flycatcher]]</td>
<td align="top">''Empidonax traillii extimus'' </td>
<td align="top"> </td>
<td align="top"> </td>
<td align="top"> </td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td align="top">[[Summer tanager]] </td>
<td align="top">''Piranga rubra'' </td>
<td align="top"> </td>
<td align="top"> </td>
<td align="top"> </td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td align="top">[[Swainson’s hawk]] </td>
<td align="top">''Buteo swainsoni'' </td>
<td align="top"> </td>
<td align="top"> </td>
<td align="top"> </td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td align="top">[[Vermilion flycatcher]]</td>
<td align="top">''Pyrocephalus rubinus'' </td>
<td align="top"> </td>
<td align="top"> </td>
<td align="top"> </td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td align="top">[[Western yellow-billed cuckoo]] </td>
<td align="top">''Coccyzus americanus'' </td>
<td align="top"> </td>
<td align="top"> </td>
<td align="top"> </td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td align="top">[[Willow flycatcher]]</td>
<td align="top">''Empidonax traillii'' </td>
<td align="top"> </td>
<td align="top"> </td>
<td align="top"> </td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td align="top">[[Yellow warbler]] </td>
<td align="top">''Dendroica ptechia'' </td>
<td align="top"> </td>
<td align="top"> </td>
<td align="top"> </td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td align="top">[[Yuma clapper rail]] </td>
<td align="top">''Rallus longirostris yumanensis'' </td>
<td align="top"> </td>
<td align="top"> </td>
<td align="top"> </td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td align="top">[[Allen’s big-eared bat]] </td>
<td align="top"> ''Idionycteris (=Plecotus) phyllotis'' </td>
<td align="top"> </td>
<td align="top"> </td>
<td align="top">Mammals </td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td align="top">[[Big free-tailed bat]] </td>
<td align="top">''Nyctinomops macrotis'' </td>
<td align="top"> </td>
<td align="top"> </td>
<td align="top"> </td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td align="top">[[Cave myotis]] </td>
<td align="top">''Myotis velifer brevis'' </td>
<td align="top"> </td>
<td align="top"> </td>
<td align="top"> </td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td align="top">[[California leaf-nosed bat]] </td>
<td align="top">Macrotus californicus </td>
<td align="top"> </td>
<td align="top"> </td>
<td align="top"> </td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td align="top">[[Greater western mastiff]] </td>
<td align="top">''Eumops perotis californicus'' </td>
<td align="top"> </td>
<td align="top"> </td>
<td align="top"> </td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td align="top">[[Mexican long-tongued bat]]</td>
<td align="top">''Choeronycteris mexicana'' </td>
<td align="top"> </td>
<td align="top"> </td>
<td align="top"> </td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td align="top">[[Occult little brown bat]]</td>
<td align="top">''Myotis lucifugus occultus'' </td>
<td align="top"> </td>
<td align="top"> </td>
<td align="top"> </td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td align="top">[[Pale Townsend’s big-eared bat]]</td>
<td align="top">''Corynorhynus townsendii pallescens'' </td>
<td align="top"> </td>
<td align="top"> </td>
<td align="top"> </td>
</tr>
</table>
Pallid bat Antrozous pallidus SC G
Red bat Lasiurus blossevilli AWC G
Spotted bat Euderma maculatum AWC G
Colorado River hispid
cotton rat
Sigmodon arizonae plenus - CSC Ag, R
Nelson’s bighorn sheep Ovis canadensis nelsoni BLMSS D
Ringtail Bassariscus astutus FP R
Yuma hispid cotton rat Sigmodon hispidus
eremicus
SC CSC Ag, R
*[[Yuma clapper rail]]
*[[Southwestern willow flycatcher]]
*[[Desert tortoise]]
*[[Bonytail]]
*[[Humpback chub]]
*[[Razorback sucker]]
{{biology-stub}}
{{Bird-stub}}
{{Fish-stub}}
=Sac-San Joaquin Delta=
==Ecosystem==
==Water Conveyance==
==California Bay-Delta Authority==
=Southwestern Willow Flycatcher=
The '''southwestern willow flycatcher (''Empidonax traillii extimus'')''' is one of four distinct races of [[willow flycatcher|willow flycatchers]] in the [[tyrant flycatcher]] family that breed in North America.
{{Taxobox_begin | color = pink | name = Southwestern Willow Flycatcher}}<br/>{{StatusEndangered}}
{{Taxobox_image | image = | caption = }}
{{Taxobox_begin_placement | color = pink}}
{{Taxobox_regnum_entry | taxon = [[Animal]]ia}}
{{Taxobox_phylum_entry | taxon = [[Chordate|Chordata]]}}
{{Taxobox_classis_entry | taxon = [[Bird|Aves]]}}
{{Taxobox_ordo_entry | taxon = [[Passeriformes]]}}
{{Taxobox_familia_entry | taxon = [[Tyrant flycatcher|Tyrranidae]]}}
{{Taxobox_genus_entry | taxon = '''''[[Empidonax ]]'''''}}
{{Taxobox_species_entry | taxon = '''''traillii extimus'''''}}
{{Taxobox_end_placement}}
{{Taxobox_section_binomial | color = pink | binomial_name = Empidonax traillii extimus | author = | date = [[date]]}}
{{Taxobox_end}}
==Introduction==
http://arizonaes.fws.gov/SWWFFINALRecPlan.htm
http://www.azgfd.gov/w_c/nongame_southwestern_willow_flycatcher.shtml
http://www.dfg.ca.gov/hcpb/cgi-bin/read_one.asp?specy=birds&idNum=75
http://www.prbo.org/calpif/htmldocs/species/riparian/willow_flycatcher.htm
http://www.usbr.gov/lc/region/g2000/
http://www.usbr.gov/lc/region/g2000/longtermindex.htm
http://arizonaes.fws.gov/southwes.htm
Description:
These subspecies are distinguished primarily by subtle differences in color and morphology (size and shape). The Southwestern Willow Flycatcher is somewhat paler, and has slightly different wing and tail length ratios. Each of the four subspecies occupy distinct breeding ranges.
Small; usually a little less than 6 inches in length, including tail. Conspicuous light-colored wingbars. Lacks the conspicuous pale eye-ring of many similar Empidonax species. Overall, body brownish-olive to gray-green above. Throat whitish, breast pale olive, and belly yellowish. Bill relatively large; lower mandible completely pale. Best identified by vocalizations. Call a liquid, sharply whistled whit! or a dry sprrit; song a sneezy witch-pew or fitz-bew. While perched, characteristically flicks tail slightly upward.
==Status==
The Southwestern willow flycatcher was first listed on February 27, 1995. It is currently designated as Endangered in the Entire Range. Within the area covered by this listing, this species is known to occur in: Arizona, California, Colorado, New Mexico, Nevada, Texas, Utah; Central America.
==Range, habitat, and nesting==
Range:
Historically, the breeding range reached from southern California, southern Nevada, southern Utah, Arizona, New Mexico, western Texas, southwestern Colorado, and northwestern Mexico.4 The flycatcher is a migratory bird with little known about its winter range. It is currently thought that it winters in Mexico, Central America, and northern South America. Currently, the breeding range for the flycatcher is similar to the historic range, though much of the riparian habitat in the southwest has been destroyed due to agricultural and urban development.
==Threats==
riparian
[[tamarisk]]
==Recovery efforts==
==External Links==
*[http://biology.usgs.gov/s+t/noframe/b156.htm Southwestern Willow Flycatchers in the Grand Canyon]
*http://www.usgs.nau.edu/swwf/
south western willow flycatcher (redirect)
