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Preliminary Outline for Ribonucleotide article

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Lead Section

  • Definition of ribonucleotide
  • General scope and description

Discovery of ribonucleotide

  • History of ribonucleotide

Structure

  • Explain the 4 different units of ribonucleotide
  • Distinction between nucleotide and ribonucleotide
  • Differentiate between purines and pyrimidines

Function

  • Ribonucleotide as precursors of deoxyribonucleotides
  • Biosynthesis of purine and pyrimidine with a focus on the enzymes involved
  • Roles ribonucleotide play in RNA and how they are involved in transcription
  • Reduction of ribonucleotide

Images

References for Ribonucleotide Article

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Ribonucleotide reductase genes in Escherichia coli

  • Ribonucleotide reductase (RNR) is an essential enzyme for all living organisms since is the responsible for the last step in the synthesis of the four deoxyribonucleotides (dNTPs) necessary for DNA replication and repair.

Molecular Biology of the Gene[1]

Ribonucleotide reduction

  • Ribonucleotide reductase provides deoxynucleotides for nuclear and mitochondrial (mt) DNA replication and repair.

Principles of Biochemistry [2]

  • Gives general information about structures of ribonucleotides
  • Provides information on how ribonucleotides differ from deoxyribonucleotides
  • Ribonucleotides are the Precursors of Deoxyribonucleotides-Deoxyribonucleotides are derived from the corresponding ribonucleotides by direct reduction at the 2'-deoxy derivative. Reaction is unusual as reduction occurs are a nonactivated carbon. The reaction is catalyzed by ribonucleotide reductase. In E.coli, its substrates are ribonucleoside diphosphates. Reduction of the D-ribose portion of a ribonucleoside diphosphate to 2'-deoxy-D-ribose requires a pair of hydrogen atoms, which are donated by NADPH via an intermediate hydrogen-carrying protein, thioredoxin.

Ribonucleotide discrimination

  • DNA polymerases select against ribonucleotides which are present at much higher levels compared with deoxyribonucleotides.

Wikipedia's Five Pillars

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It incorporates elements from various sources such as encyclopedias, almanacs, and gazettes.

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Respect copyright laws. Cite references used. An article on Wikipedia is not owned by anyone.

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Respect and be polite to others. When a conflict does arise, do not resort to personal attacks but use the appropriate channels to resolve issues.

5. Wikipedia does not have firm rules

No information in Wikipedia is permanent.


Reference: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Training/For_students

Summary of Characteristics of Target Article

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GA Article

  1. Well written: Prose is clear and concise, copyright laws are respected, spelling and grammar are correct. Complies with the manual of style.
  2. Verifiable with no original research: Contains list of references and provides in line citations from reliable sources.
  3. Broad in its coverage: Addresses main aspects of the topic and is focused.
  4. Neutral: Represents viewpoints fairly without bias.
  5. Stable: Article does not change significantly from day to day.
  6. Illustrated by images: Images are tagged with copyright status and are relevant to topic with suitable captions.

B article

  1. Suitably referenced: Article has in line citations from reliable sources.
  2. Reasonably covers topic: Does not contain obvious omissions or inaccuracies.
  3. Defined structure: Content is organized into groups of related material.
  4. Reasonably well written: No major grammatical errors and flows sensibly.
  5. Contains supporting materials: Illustrations are provided when appropriate.
  6. Content is reasonable understandable: Article is written with a broad audience in mind, with limited technical terms.

Reference: Article Quality Grading Scheme

Unit 5: PubMed Assignment

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The herbicide atrazine is one of the most commonly applied pesticides in the world. As a result, atrazine is the most commonly detected pesticide contaminant of ground, surface, and drinking water. Atrazine is also a potent endocrine disruptor that is active at low, ecologically relevant concentrations[3] It demasculinizes and feminizes the gonads of male vertebrates by producing testicular lesions associated with reduced germ cell numbers in teleost fish, amphibians, reptiles, and mammals, and induces partial and/or complete feminization in fish, amphibians, and reptiles.[4] Atrazine affects vertebrates through various mechanisms, but the mechanism most consistent with the effects observed on amphibian reproduction is the induction of aromatase, which is consistent with the natural sex differentiation process in X. laevis (African clawed frog).[3]

Notes

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  1. ^ Watson ... , James D. Watson ... [et; et al. (2007). Molecular biology of the gene (6th ed.). San Francisco, Calif.: Benjamin Cummings. ISBN 978-0805395921. {{cite book}}: Explicit use of et al. in: |last= (help)
  2. ^ Cox, David L. Nelson, Michael M. (2008). Lehninger principles of biochemistry (5th ed.). New York: W.H. Freeman. pp. 272–274, 888–890, 910. ISBN 9780716771081.{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link)
  3. ^ a b Hayes, T. B.; Khoury, V.; Narayan, A.; Nazir, M.; Park, A.; Brown, T.; Adame, L.; Chan, E.; Buchholz, D.; Stueve, T.; Gallipeau, S. (2010 Mar 9). "Atrazine induces complete feminization and chemical castration in male African clawed frogs (Xenopus laevis)". Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America. 107 (10): 4612–7. doi:10.1073/pnas.0909519107. PMC 2842049. PMID 20194757. {{cite journal}}: Check date values in: |date= (help)
  4. ^ Hayes, TB (2011 Oct). "Demasculinization and feminization of male gonads by atrazine: consistent effects across vertebrate classes". The Journal of Steroid Biochemistry and Molecular Biology. 127 (1–2): 64–73. doi:10.1016/j.jsbmb.2011.03.015. PMID 21419222. {{cite journal}}: Check date values in: |date= (help); Unknown parameter |coauthors= ignored (|author= suggested) (help)