User:Jessiedylan/Peronia verruculata
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Article Draft
[edit]Lead
[edit]P. verruculata is in the Onchidiidae family, belonging to a clade of eupulmonates.[1]
Distribution
[edit]This species is distributed in the Indian Ocean along Madagascar as well as the West-Indo Pacific, between South Africa and Hawaii.[2] It Is also observed in subtropical regions of Japan[3], and widely distributed in China.[1]
Habitat
[edit]The P. verruculata resides in sandy, rocky habitats, preferring intertidal reef flats.[1] They are also found grazing the mud in mangrove tree roots during low tide.[4]During high tide, they are dormant, staying in the holes they make, coming out during low tide to eat the algae covering the rocks.[5] Peronia have preferred eating areas, so they will continue to return to that same area to feed.[4]
Anatomy
[edit]Peronia is around 6 cm in length and is oval shaped. The dorsal surface is a brown color with a leathery appearance, due to the wart-like nodules that help with water retention.[4] Some of these wart-like nodules having their own parts, like dorsal eyes or brachial gills.[4] This species has been identified by its green-colored hyponotum, knobbly papillae on the dorsum bearing eyes, and differentiated tubercles on posterior dorsum.[5] Their dorsal eyes working as photoreceptors.[2] P. verruculata are closely related to land snails as they have modified gills, the mantle cavity divided and modified to act as a lung.[4] They have a broad foot, their anterior end possessing tiny eyes with a pair of long fleshy stalks, which can be sucked into the body when they sense any disturbance nearby. Protruding these stalks back into their body also allow them to blend in with the rocks, matching both texture and color. [4]
Reproduction
[edit]P. verruculata are hermaphrodites, having both reproductive organs, but have no records of self-fertilization. [4] Shortly after mating, their egg capsules are laid, hatching after 16 days as free-swimming larvae.[4]
Human Use
[edit]In the Ryukyu Islands of Japan, the Peronia are a traditional food source as they are usually abundant at the shore lines. They’re usually collected raw and made into sashimi or stir fried.[2] Peronia are also popular in other Asian countries like China, where they are being over harvested because they were a highly nutritious food source.[4]
References
[edit]- ^ a b c Xu, Guolv; Yang, Tiezhu; Wang, Dongfeng; Li, Jie; Liu, Xin; Wu, Xin; Shen, Heding (2018-04-26). "A comprehensive comparison of four species of Onchidiidae provides insights on the morphological and molecular adaptations of invertebrates from shallow seas to wetlands". PLOS ONE. 13 (4): e0196252. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0196252. ISSN 1932-6203. PMC 5919635. PMID 29698429.
{{cite journal}}: CS1 maint: PMC format (link) CS1 maint: unflagged free DOI (link) - ^ a b c Mizukami, Iori; Fourreau, Chloé Julie Loïs; Matsuo, Sakine; Reimer, James Davis (2022-07-19). "Diversity and distribution of air-breathing sea slug genus Peronia Fleming, 1822 (Gastropoda: Onchidiidae) in southern Japanese waters". PeerJ. 10: e13720. doi:10.7717/peerj.13720. ISSN 2167-8359.
{{cite journal}}: CS1 maint: unflagged free DOI (link) - ^ Maniei, Fatemeh; Amiri Moghaddam, Jamshid; Crüsemann, Max; Beemelmanns, Christine; König, Gabriele M.; Wägele, Heike (2020-08-03). "From Persian Gulf to Indonesia: interrelated phylogeographic distance and chemistry within the genus Peronia (Onchidiidae, Gastropoda, Mollusca)". Scientific Reports. 10 (1): 13048. doi:10.1038/s41598-020-69996-8. ISSN 2045-2322.
- ^ a b c d e f g h i Solanki, Devendra; Kanejiya, Jignesh; Gohil, Bharatsinh (2017-07-07). "Studies on ecological status, nutritive values and exploitation of Peronia verruculata, Cuvier, 1830 (Gastropoda: Onchidiidae) from Gulf of Khambhat, India". The Journal of Zoology Studies. 4 (3): 24–28.
- ^ a b Chang, Jia Jin Marc; Ywee, Chieh Tay; Ang, Hua Ping; Phyu Phyu Tun, Karenne; Chou, Loke Ming; Meier, Rudolph; Huang, Danwei (2018). "Molecular and anatomical analyses reveal that Peronia verruculata (Gastropoda: Onchidiidae) is a cryptic species complex". Contributions to Zoology: 149–165.