User:Johnnybravo1234/Cardinium
Candidatus Cardinium
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Cardinium bacteria are a genus of parasitic bacteria that reside within cells of some arthropods and nematodes.[1] Although they have not yet been isolated in pure culture (hence the designation Candidatus), they are known to negatively influence reproduction in their hosts in order to further their own proliferation. This leads to their classification as a reproductive parasite. One of the only other examples of this type of parasitism is the genus Wolbachia, which also infects arthropods[2]. These two genera can also co-infect the same animal, as in some nematodes[3]. Cardinium bacteria use many of the same methods to interfere with host reproduction as Wolbachia, including inducing cytoplasmic incompatibility and distorting the sex ratio in the host population to favor females[3]. The mechanisms by which Cardinium induces these conditions in hosts is thought to be different from the mechanisms used by Wolbachia[4]. Cardinium is maternally inherited; infections are maintained through generations through the egg cells (termed vertical transmission)[5]. It is estimated that 6-10% of all arthropods are infected with Cardinium bacteria[4].
Cardinium were first discovered in 1996 in the cells of deer ticks, although attempts to culture them independently of host cells was unsuccessful[6].
References
[edit]- ^ Nakamura, Y.; Kawai, S.; Yukuhiro, F.; Ito, S.; Gotoh, T.; Kisimoto, R.; Yanase, T.; Matsumoto, Y.; Kageyama, D.; Noda, H. (2009-11-01). "Prevalence of Cardinium Bacteria in Planthoppers and Spider Mites and Taxonomic Revision of "Candidatus Cardinium hertigii" Based on Detection of a New Cardinium Group from Biting Midges". Applied and Environmental Microbiology. 75 (21): 6757–6763. doi:10.1128/AEM.01583-09. ISSN 0099-2240. PMC 2772453. PMID 19734338.
{{cite journal}}: CS1 maint: PMC format (link) - ^ Dorigatti, Ilaria; McCormack, Clare; Nedjati-Gilani, Gemma; Ferguson, Neil M (2018-2). "Using Wolbachia for dengue control: insights from modelling". Trends in parasitology. 34 (2): 102–113. doi:10.1016/j.pt.2017.11.002. ISSN 1471-4922. PMC 5807169. PMID 29183717.
{{cite journal}}: Check date values in:|date=(help) - ^ a b Brown, Amanda M. V.; Wasala, Sulochana K.; Howe, Dana K.; Peetz, Amy B.; Zasada, Inga A.; Denver, Dee R. (2018-10-16). "Comparative Genomics of Wolbachia–Cardinium Dual Endosymbiosis in a Plant-Parasitic Nematode". Frontiers in Microbiology. 9. doi:10.3389/fmicb.2018.02482. ISSN 1664-302X. PMC 6232779. PMID 30459726.
{{cite journal}}: CS1 maint: unflagged free DOI (link) - ^ a b Doremus, Matthew R.; Kelly, Suzanne E.; Hunter, Martha S. (2019-08-19). McGraw, Elizabeth Ann (ed.). "Exposure to opposing temperature extremes causes comparable effects on Cardinium density but contrasting effects on Cardinium-induced cytoplasmic incompatibility". PLOS Pathogens. 15 (8): e1008022. doi:10.1371/journal.ppat.1008022. ISSN 1553-7374. PMC 6715252. PMID 31425566.
{{cite journal}}: CS1 maint: PMC format (link) CS1 maint: unflagged free DOI (link) - ^ Konecka, Edyta; Olszanowski, Ziemowit (2019-2). "A new Cardinium group of bacteria found in Achipteria coleoptrata (Acari: Oribatida)". Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution. 131: 64–71. doi:10.1016/j.ympev.2018.10.043.
{{cite journal}}: Check date values in:|date=(help) - ^ Kurtti, Timothy J.; Munderloh, Ulrike G.; Andreadis, Theodore G.; Magnarelli, Louis A.; Mather, Thomas N. (1996-05-01). "Tick Cell Culture Isolation of an Intracellular Prokaryote from the TickIxodes scapularis". Journal of Invertebrate Pathology. 67 (3): 318–321. doi:10.1006/jipa.1996.0050. ISSN 0022-2011.