User:Jzana/Sodium Chloride-Water mixture

The Sodium-Chloride is well soluble in water. The data in this article is given in SI system (System of Quantities and Units), and uses tehe terminology issued by the IUPAC Green Book.

Density

Density	Mass fraction	Amount fraction	Mass concentration	concentration		Mass ratio	Mixture
per solution						per solvent
kg/m³	kg/kg	mol/mol	kg/m³	mol/m³	mol/L	kg/kg	kg/m³	kg/L
997,0	0,00	0,00	0,00	0,00	0,00	0,00	0,00	0,00
1005,34	0,01	0,0031	10,05	172,0	0,172	0,0101	10,08	0,0101
1012,46	0,02	0,0063	20,25	346,5	0,346	0,0204	20,37	0,0204
1026,80	0,04	0,0127	41,07	702,8	0,703	0,0417	41,59	0,0416
1041,27	0,06	0,0193	62,48	1069,0	1,069	0,0638	63,71	0,0637
1055,89	0,08	0,0261	84,47	1445,4	1,445	0,0870	86,80	0,0868
1070,68	0,10	0,0331	107,07	1832,0	1,832	0,1111	110,91	0,1109
1085,66	0,12	0,0403	130,28	2229,2	2,229	0,1364	136,12	0,1361
1100,85	0,14	0,0478	154,12	2637,1	2,637	0,1628	162,50	0,1625
1116,21	0,16	0,0555	178,59	3055,9	3,056	0,1905	190,13	0,1901
1131,90	0,18	0,0634	203,74	3486,2	3,486	0,2195	219,12	0,2191
1147,79	0,20	0,0715	229,56	3927,9	3,928	0,2500	249,55	0,2496
1163,95	0,22	0,0800	256,07	4381,5	4,382	0,2821	281,54	0,2815
1180,40	0,24	0,0887	283,30	4847,4	4,847	0,3158	315,22	0,3152
1197,07	0,26	0,0977	311,26	5325,9	5,326	0,3514	350,72	0,3507
1197,78	0,264	0,0994	315,53	5398,9	5,399	0,3580	357,36	0,3574
saturated solution

Volume of the solution

For example calculate the volume of a mixture of 20 % mass fraction:

Component	Mass	Density	Volume
NaCl	0,2 kg	2165 kg/m3	92,166 10^-6 m³
H₂O	0,8 kg	998 kg/m3	801,603 10^-6 m³
Sum	1 kg		893,769 10^-6 m³

Component	Mass	Density	Volume
Solution	1 kg	1147,79 kg/m3	871,239 10^-6 m³

The volume of the solution is less than the sum of the volume of the components, because of the Sodium-Chloride is an ionic solution. Really both of the Sodium and the Chloride ions connected to four water molecules by the Coulomb forces, causing a loss of volume.

The molar volume excess:

V^{E}={\frac {x_{1}M_{1}+x_{2}M_{2}}{\rho }}-(x_{1}V_{1}+x_{2}V_{2})

Where x₁ and x₂ the mol fractions of the components; M₁ and M₂ their molar masses; V₁ and V₂ their molar volume, ρ the density of the mixture

Calculation methods

Mass ratio from the mass fraction:

\zeta ={\frac {w}{1-w}}

(per solvent)

Mass fraction from the mass ratio:

w={\frac {1}{\zeta +1}}

(per solution)

Amount of substance ratio from the amount fraction:

r={\frac {x}{1-x}}

(per solvent)

amount fraction from the amount ratio:

x={\frac {r}{r+1}}

(solution)

Amount fraction from the mass fraction:

x_{1}={\frac {\frac {w_{1}}{M_{1}}}{{\frac {w_{1}}{M_{1}}}+{\frac {1-w_{1}}{M_{2}}}}}

Where x₁ the amount fraction of the first component (the solute), w₁ the mass fraction of the first component , M₁ the molar mass of the first component, M₂ the same for the second component (the solvent).

The γ mass concentration can be calculated from the w mass fraction using the density of the solution ρ: $\gamma =w_{1}\rho _{solution}$ , followed by calculating the amount of substance concentration by the molar mass of the solute: $c_{1}={\frac {w_{1}\rho _{oldat}}{M_{1}}}$

The γ mass concentration is calculated from the ratio of the mass of the solute and the volume of the whole solution. In chemistry another calculation is performed by dividing only the volume of the solvent only: this is the mass per volume ratio. Their SI units are the same: kg/m³. In respect of the unknown volume excess it is hardly calculated.

Molality is the amount of substance of the solute divided by the mass of the solvent.

Knowing the m molality, we can calculate the r amount ratio by M, the molar mass of the solvent $r={\frac {m}{M}}$ . The next step to calculate the amount fraction (mole fraction).

Refractive index

References can be found: ^[1] (Topac Inc.)

mass fraction	Brix *	refractive index	mass concentration	amount concentration		amount fraction
kg/kg	%	n_D	kg/m³	mol/m³	mol/L	mol/mol
0.000	0.000	1.3330	0.0	0.0	0.0000	0.0000
0.010	0.013	1.3348	10.1	172.0	0.1720	0.0031
0.020	0.025	1.3366	20.2	346.5	0.3465	0.0063
0.030	0.037	1.3383	30.6	523.3	0.5233	0.0094
0.040	0.048	1.3400	41.1	702.8	0.7028	0.0127
0.050	0.060	1.3418	51.7	884.5	0.8845	0.0160
0.060	0.072	1.3435	62.5	1069.0	1.0690	0.0193
0.070	0.084	1.3453	73.4	1255.8	1.2558	0.0227
0.080	0.095	1.3470	84.5	1445.4	1.4454	0.0261
0.090	0.106	1.3488	95.7	1637.4	1.6374	0.0296
0.100	0.117	1.3505	107.1	1832.0	1.8320	0.0331
0.110	0.128	1.3523	118.6	2029.6	2.0296	0.0367
0.120	0.149	1.3541	130.3	2229.2	2.2292	0.0403
0.130	0.151	1.3558	142.1	2431.9	2.4319	0.0440
0.140	0.161	1.3576	154.1	2637.1	2.6371	0.0478
0.150	0.172	1.3594	166.3	2845.1	2.8451	0.0516
0.160	0.184	1.3612	178.6	3055.9	3.0559	0.0555
0.170	0.195	1.3630	191.1	3269.8	3.2698	0.0594
0.180	0.206	1.3648	203.7	3486.2	3.4862	0.0634
0.190	0.217	1.3666	216.6	3705.5	3.7055	0.0674
0.200	0.227	1.3684	229.6	3927.9	3.9279	0.0715
0.210	0.238	1.3703	242.7	4152.7	4.1527	0.0757
0.220	0.249	1.3721	256.1	4381.5	4.3815	0.0800
0.230	0.260	1.3740	269.5	4612.0	4.6120	0.0843
0.240	0.271	1.3759	283.3	4847.4	4.8474	0.0887
0.250	0.281	1.3778	297.0	5081.9	5.0819	0.0932
0.260	0.292	1.3797	311.3	5325.9	5.3259	0.0977
0.264	0.296	1.3804	316.7	5419.8	5.4198	0.0996
saturated solution

Brix: Data in sucrose calibrated refractometer

Viscosity

Viscosity of a sulution of 1,0661 mol/kg molality and amount fraction of 0,01884 mol/mol

temperature	dynamic viscosity	kinematic viszkosity
°C	mPa s	10^-6 m²/s
24	1,0005	1,0005
28,1	0,9164	0,9164

More about the viscosity

mass fraction	temperature	dynamical viscosity	Kinematic viscosity
%	°C	mPa s	10^-6 m²/s
5	20	1,056	1,037
20	15,6	2,75	2,4

We can calculate the excess viscosity using the following equation:

\eta ^{E}=\eta _{12}-(x_{1}\eta _{1}+x_{2}\eta _{2})

where x the amount fraction of components and η the dynamic viscosity

Surface tension

Referred in: ^[2]. Measuring method: ^[3] Another reference: ^[4]

surface tension	mass fraction	mass concentration	amount concentration
mN/m	kg/kg	kg/m3	mol/m3
72,5	0,00	0,0	0
74,4	0,05	51,7	884
76,2	0,10	107,1	1832
77,9	0,15	166,3	2845
79,7	0,20	229,6	3928
81,4	0,25	297,2	5085
81,8	0,264	312,8	5325
solubility at atmospheric pressure and 20°C temperature)

Specific heat capacity

Specific heat capacity and the viscosity: ^[5] (graphics), lowered (when mass fraction growing) from 4300 J/kg K to 3300 J/kg K

References

^ Topac Inc. The Instrumentation Company
^ IEEE Journal of Quantum Electronics
^ National Center for Biotechnology Information
^ International Journal of Themophysics Horibe, Fukusako, Yamada
^ Engineering Toolbox Sodium-chloride solution

External links

National Physical Laboratory Solubility in mass fraction

Salt Institute Data from the ASTM D 632

Neumüller, O. A. (1981). Römpp Vegyészeti lexikon. Műszaki Könyvkiadó. ISBN 963-103-813-0.

Römpp Chemie-Lexikon, 9th Ed. (in German)

NIST Viscosity (molality base)

Computer Support Group Salt of 5 and 25 % mass fraction

DDBST The Sodium-chloride at high temperature and pressure

D. F. Grant-Taylor Molar volume excess

J. Kestin and I. R. Shanklan Viscosity at high pressure and temperature

IUPAC A 2.10 General Chemistry

Instructions to Authors Terminology, unit names and symbols

[1] Topac Inc. The Instrumentation Company

[2] IEEE Journal of Quantum Electronics

[3] National Center for Biotechnology Information

[4] International Journal of Themophysics Horibe, Fukusako, Yamada

[5] Engineering Toolbox Sodium-chloride solution

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