User:KalosianParadox/Political campaign
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Media management[edit]
Media management refers to the ability of a political campaign to control the message that it broadcasts to the public. The forms of media used in political campaigns can be classified into two distinct categories: "paid media" or "earned media".[1]
Paid media refers to any media attention that is directly generated from spending.[2] This form of media is commonly found through political advertisements and organized events. An advantage of paid media is that it allows political campaigns to tailor the messages they show the public and control when the public sees them. Campaigns often prioritize spending in contested regions and increase their paid media expenses as an election approaches.[3] Electoral campaigns often conclude with a “closing argument ad”, an advertisement that summarizes the campaign’s core themes and explains the candidate’s vision for the future.[4] In the 2020 election, Joe Biden's "Rising" ad starts with him saying "we're in a battle for the soul of this nation" and a worker in Donald Trump's Pennsylvania ad stated "that will be the end of my job and thousands of others" if Trump lost.[5]
Earned media describes free media coverage, often from news stories or social media posts.[6] Unlike paid media, earned media does not incur an expense to the campaign. Earned media does not imply that the political campaign is mentioned in a positive manner. Political campaigns may often receive earned media from gaffes or scandals. In the 2016 United States Presidential Election, a majority of the media coverage surrounding Hillary Clinton was focused on her scandals, with the most prevalent topics being topics related to her emails.[7]
Experts say that effective media management is an essential component of a successful political campaign. Studies show that candidates with higher media attention tend to have greater success in elections.[8] It is also important to note that each form of media can influence the other. Paid media may raise the newsworthiness of an event which could lead to an increase in earned media.[9] Campaigns may also spend money to emphasize stories circulating through media networks. Research suggests that neither form of media is inherently superior. A 2009 study found that media coverage was not significantly more effective than paid advertisements.[10]
- ^ Wynne, Robert. "The Real Difference Between PR And Advertising". Forbes. Retrieved 2021-09-27.
- ^ "Definition of Paid Media - Gartner Marketing Glossary". Gartner. Retrieved 2021-09-27.
- ^ Adgate, Brad. "The 2020 Elections Will Set (Another) Ad Spending Record". Forbes. Retrieved 2021-10-04.
- ^ "Closing argument (political campaigns)". Ballotpedia. Retrieved 2021-10-04.
- ^ Gringlas, Sam (2020-10-27). "Biden And Trump Campaigns Stress Closing Themes In New TV Ads". NPR. Retrieved 2021-10-04.
- ^ Don, Stacks. A Professional and Practitioner’s Guide to Public Relations Research, Measurement, and Evaluation.
- ^ "Partisanship, Propaganda, and Disinformation: Online Media and the 2016 U.S. Presidential Election | Berkman Klein Center". cyber.harvard.edu. 2019-12-17. Retrieved 2021-09-27.
- ^ van Erkel, Patrick F. A.; Van Aelst, Peter; Thijssen, Peter (2020-04-01). "Does media attention lead to personal electoral success? Differences in long and short campaign media effects for top and ordinary political candidates". Acta Politica. 55 (2): 156–174. doi:10.1057/s41269-018-0109-x. ISSN 1741-1416.
- ^ Rinallo, Diego; Basuroy, Suman (2009). "Does Advertising Spending Influence Media Coverage of the Advertiser?". Journal of Marketing. 73 (6): 33–46. ISSN 0022-2429.
- ^ Don, Stacks (June 2009). "Exploring the Comparative Communications Effectiveness of Advertising and Public Relations: A Replication and Extension of Prior Experiments".
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