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Gymnascella dankaliensis is a moderate to slow growing fungus commonly found in the soil of warmer climates.[1][2] It is characterized by round yellow, orange or red-brown ascospores encircled by undifferentiated filaments.[1] They have been found in ear, nail and skin infections.[2] Their metabolites have been isolated and shown to have cytotoxic and anti-tumor properties.[3][4]
| Gymnascella dankaliensis | |
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| Species: | G. dankaliensis
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"Trichophyton dankaliense"(1937) | |
Morphology
[edit]Colonies vary greatly in colour, texture and growth rate. Colonies first appear white, then turn a pale yellow or olive and as they mature become yellow-brown to orange brown. [5]The texture can be either cottony, fine, knotted or wispy.[2]Growth rate of colonies varies from moderately slow to rapid.[2][5]
Gymnascella dankaliensis has irregular, indistinct peridial hyphae.[5] Ascospores are yellow, orange, or red-brown rounded discs and have rough walls with a thick knob at the center. [2] Individual colony clusters are 80 to 600 µm in diameter and ascospores are 6 to 8 µm in diameter.[5]
Ecology
[edit]Gymnascella dankaliensis has been reported in the soil of climates and the marine sponge Halichondria japonica.[2][6]
Metabolites
[edit]Since the late 1990s, multiple cytotoxic compounds have been isolated from Gymnascella dankaliensis such as: Gymnastatins A–K, Gymnasterones A and B and Gymnasterol.[7][8][9]
Notably, Gymnasterone B has been shown to be cytotoxic against cultured P388 and is a representative of ergostanoids which are rare in natural products. [8]
- Find more references to metabolites in primary research
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- ^ a b Atlas of clinical fungi. Hoog, G. S. de. (2nd ed ed.). Utrecht: Centraalbureau voor Schimmelcultures. 2000. ISBN 9070351439. OCLC 46669547.
{{cite book}}:|edition=has extra text (help)CS1 maint: others (link) - ^ a b c d e f Laboratory handbook of dermatophytes : a clinical guide and laboratory handbook of dermatophytes and other filamentous fungi from skin, hair, and nails. Kane, Julius, 1924-. Belmont, CA: Star Pub. 1997. ISBN 0898631572. OCLC 37116438.
{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: others (link) - ^ Laboratory handbook of dermatophytes : a clinical guide and laboratory handbook of dermatophytes and other filamentous fungi from skin, hair, and nails. Kane, Julius, 1924-. Belmont, CA: Star Pub. 1997. ISBN 0898631572. OCLC 37116438.
{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: others (link) - ^ Amagata, Taro; Minoura, Katsuhiko; Numata, Atsushi (2006-10). "Gymnastatins F−H, Cytostatic Metabolites from the Sponge-Derived FungusGymnascella dankaliensis". Journal of Natural Products. 69 (10): 1384–1388. doi:10.1021/np0600189. ISSN 0163-3864.
{{cite journal}}: Check date values in:|date=(help) - ^ a b c d Pathogenic fungi in humans and animals. Howard, Dexter H., 1927- (2nd ed ed.). New York: Marcel Dekker. 2003. ISBN 0824706838. OCLC 51258022.
{{cite book}}:|edition=has extra text (help)CS1 maint: others (link) - ^ Dana, D (1975-05). "Aryldiazoalkanes from ?-nitrobenzenesulfenylhydrazones". Tetrahedron Letters. 16 (20): 1565–1566. doi:10.1016/0040-4039(75)85012-x. ISSN 0040-4039.
{{cite journal}}: Check date values in:|date=(help) - ^ Numata, Atsushi; Amagata, Taro; Minoura, Katsuhiko; Ito, Tadayoshi (1997-08). "Gymnastatins, novel cytotoxic metabolites produced by a fungal strain from a sponge". Tetrahedron Letters. 38 (32): 5675–5678. doi:10.1016/s0040-4039(97)01236-7. ISSN 0040-4039.
{{cite journal}}: Check date values in:|date=(help) - ^ a b Amagata, Taro; Minoura, Katsuhiko; Numata, Atsushi (1998-05). "Gymnasterones, novel cytotoxic metabolites produced by a fungal strain from a sponge". Tetrahedron Letters. 39 (22): 3773–3774. doi:10.1016/s0040-4039(98)00613-3. ISSN 0040-4039.
{{cite journal}}: Check date values in:|date=(help) - ^ Hayakawa, Yoichi; Furihata, Kazuo; Shin-ya, Kazuo; Mori, Toshiya (2003-02). "Gymnasterol, a new antitumor steroid against IGF-dependent cells from Gymnascella dankaliensis". Tetrahedron Letters. 44 (6): 1165–1166. doi:10.1016/s0040-4039(02)02819-8. ISSN 0040-4039.
{{cite journal}}: Check date values in:|date=(help)