User:KylieG/sandbox

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Current Ovary (botany) "Fruits" section[edit]

A fruit is the ripened ovary or ovaries—together with seeds—from one or more flowers. The fruits of a plant are responsible for dispersing the seeds that contain the embryo and protecting the seeds as well. In many species, the fruit incorporates some surrounding tissues, or is dispersed with some non-fruit tissues.

Fruits (Draft of new Ovary (botany) "Fruits" section)[edit]

Main article: Fruit

A fruit is the mature, ripened ovary of a flower following double fertilization in an angiosperm. Because gymnosperms do not have an ovary but reproduce through double fertilization of unprotected ovules, they produce naked seeds that do not have a surrounding fruit. Fruits are responsible for the dispersal and protection of seeds in angiosperms and cannot be easily characterized due to the differences in defining culinary and botanical fruits.

Development[edit]

Simple fruits are derived from one ovary of a single flower, while aggregate fruits are derived from many ovaries of one flower. Differently, a multiple fruit is derived from multiple ovaries each from their own individual flowers.

After double fertilization and ripening, the ovary becomes the fruit, the ovules inside the ovary become the seeds of that fruit, and the egg within the ovule becomes the zygote.[1][2] Double fertilization of the central cell in the ovule produces the nutritious endosperm tissue that surrounds the developing zygote within the seed.[2] Angiosperm ovaries do not always produce a fruit after the ovary has been fertilized. Problems that can arise during the developmental process of the fruit include genetic issues, harsh environmental conditions, and insufficient energy which may be caused by competition for resources between ovaries; any of these situations may prevent maturation of the ovary.[3][4][5][6]

Dispersal and evolutionary significance[edit]

The orange is a simple fruit called a hesperidium. It is the mature ovary of a single orange blossom. Though it seems to have sections when cut open, all of these sections together come from a single ovary that develops into different layers.[7]

Fruits are important in the dispersal and protection of seeds, and variation in fruit shape or size results from an evolutionary response that aids in the dispersal of seeds in different environments.[8][9] For example, the seeds of large fleshy fruits are often dispersed through endozoochory; this means that animals consume the fleshy fruit and as a result disperse its seeds with their movement.[10] The seeds of fruits can be dispersed by endozoochory, gravity, wind, or other means.

Complications and types of fruits[edit]

There are some complications to the definition of a fruit, as not all botanical fruits can be identified as culinary fruits. A ripened ovary may be a fleshy fruit such as a grapefruit or a dry fruit such as a nut. Further complicating this, culinary nuts are not always botanical nuts; some culinary nuts such as the coconut and almond are another type of fruit called a drupe.[11][12]

In this same way, not all "fruits" are true fruits. A true fruit only consists of the ripened ovary and its contents. Fruits can be separated into three major categories: simple fruits, aggregate fruits, and multiple fruits. Simple fruits like oranges are formed from a single ovary which may or may not consist of multiple parts, while aggregate and multiple fruits are formed from several ovaries together.[13] Aggregate fruits like raspberries are the ripened ovaries of one flower that form a single fruit, and multiple fruits like pineapples are formed from the ovaries of separate flowers that are close together.[13][14][15]

Because aggregate and multiple fruits are formed from many ripened ovaries together, they are actually infructescences or groups of fruits that are arranged together in a structure.[13] Some fruits, like the apple, are accessory fruits which can include other parts of the flower such as the receptacle, hypanthium, perianth, or calyx in addition to the mature and ripened ovary.[16]

The raspberry is an aggregate fruit. Each raspberry develops from one flower, but its flower has many ovaries that become the small circular drupes making up the raspberry. There is a seed in each drupe.
The pineapple is a multiple fruit. Each of the purple spikes in this picture are a separate flower, so the whole structure is an inflorescence. This means that the small sections of a pineapple are each a fruit that develop from a separate ovary, and together they make up a multiple fruit.

Peer review - 19345beta[edit]

Wow, this is written with enough detail that I felt I learned something, but my sister in 8th grade could comprehend it very well too. A few questions I have are, does double fertilization actually play a role in fruit development or is that just related to the endospore? Are all nuts fruits, meaning a true nut has a seed inside? What is the relationship between the fertilized egg and the ovule? Are compound ovaries special in fruit development? Does every fertilized angiosperm flower produce a fruit? Some recommendations I have are to talk about true fruits before talking about the types of fruit. This is because aggravate and multiple fruits are not true fruits so it would be clearer to the reader if you discuss that the other way around. Also, while apples are accessary fruits, are they actually derived from the receptacle? The accessary fruit Wikipedia page notes it is derived from the hypanthium. I do enjoy your image. One thing I would like is to expand it one step further to have real world examples in another row connected by arrows to the row above it. This will bring your symbols to have real life implications. I do think having a sentence about dry fruits is important and while I do not think that anatomy is important on this specific section, possible discussion of hormones or how a plant knows when to produce a fruit is important. Furthermore, I might recommend discussing energy or costs to fruit production if you can find resources about it.

Response to 19345beta[edit]

Firstly, thank you so much for your comments! I added answers to most of your questions into my draft, and your comments were very relevant. I chose not to address whether compound ovaries are special in fruit development because I couldn’t find a place to fit this into the article, though it is a great question. I’m working to incorporate real world examples of what’s depicted in my graphic, and I think that this might take place as a gallery or in another form. Again, thanks for all your help!

References[edit]

  1. ^ Raghavan, V. (2003-07-25). "Some reflections on double fertilization, from its discovery to the present: Tansley review". New Phytologist. 159 (3): 565–583. doi:10.1046/j.1469-8137.2003.00846.x.
  2. ^ a b Linkies, Ada; Graeber, Kai; Knight, Charles; Leubner-Metzger, Gerhard (2010). "The evolution of seeds". New Phytologist. 186 (4): 817–831. doi:10.1111/j.1469-8137.2010.03249.x.
  3. ^ Stephenson, Andrew G. (1980). "Fruit Set, Herbivory, Fruit Reduction, and the Fruiting Strategy of Catalpa Speciosa (Bignoniaceae)". Ecology. 61 (1): 57–64. doi:10.2307/1937155. ISSN 0012-9658.
  4. ^ Willson, Mary F.; Price, Peter W. (1977). "The Evolution of Inflorescence Size in Asclepias (Asclepiadaceae)". Evolution. 31 (3): 495–511. doi:10.2307/2407517. ISSN 0014-3820.
  5. ^ Pawsey, C. K. (1960-01-01). "Cone Production Reduced, Apparently by Drought, in the South-East of South Australia". Australian Forestry. 24 (1): 74–75. doi:10.1080/00049158.1960.10675890. ISSN 0004-9158.
  6. ^ Wyatt, Robert (1982). "Inflorescence Architecture: How Flower Number, Arrangement, and Phenology Affect Pollination and Fruit-Set". American Journal of Botany. 69 (4): 585–594. doi:10.2307/2443068. ISSN 0002-9122.
  7. ^ Kim, In-Sun (2003). "Sequential Changes of Pericarp Ultrastructure in Citrus reticulata Hesperidium". Applied Microscopy. 33 (1): 79–92. ISSN 2287-5123.
  8. ^ Gardocki, Mary; Zablocki, Heather; El-Keblawy, Ali; Freeman, D. (2000). "Heterocarpy in Calendula micrantha (Asteraceae): The effects of competition and availability of water on the performance of offspring from different fruit morphs". Evolutionary Ecology Research. 2: 701–718.
  9. ^ Jordano, Pedro (1995). "Angiosperm Fleshy Fruits and Seed Dispersers: A Comparative Analysis of Adaptation and Constraints in Plant-Animal Interactions". The American Naturalist. 145 (2): 163–191. ISSN 0003-0147.
  10. ^ Willson, Mary (2000). Fenner, M. (ed.). "The Ecology of Seed Dispersal". Seeds: The Ecology of Regeneration in Plant Communities (2nd ed.): 85–110.
  11. ^ "Tree nut allergens". Molecular Immunology. 100: 71–81. 2018-08-01. doi:10.1016/j.molimm.2018.03.011. ISSN 0161-5890.
  12. ^ Kusari, Ayan; Han, Allison; Eichenfield, Lawrence (2018-10-30). "Recent advances in understanding and preventing peanut and tree nut hypersensitivity". F1000Research. 7: 1716. doi:10.12688/f1000research.14450.1. ISSN 2046-1402. PMC 6208566. PMID 30467518.{{cite journal}}: CS1 maint: PMC format (link) CS1 maint: unflagged free DOI (link)
  13. ^ a b c Guertin, P.; Barnett, L.; Denny, E.G.; Schaffer, S.N. (2015). USA National Phenology Network Botany Primer. USA-NPN Education and Engagement Series 2015-001. pp. 51–53.
  14. ^ Graham, Julie; Jennings, Nikki (2009). Jain, S. Mohan; Priyadarshan, P.M. (eds.). Breeding Plantation Tree Crops: Temperate Species. New York, NY: Springer Science & Business Media. pp. 233–248. ISBN 978-0-387-71203-1.
  15. ^ Moyle, Richard; Fairbairn, David J.; Ripi, Jonni; Crowe, Mark; Botella, Jose R. (2005). "Developing pineapple fruit has a small transcriptome dominated by metallothionein". Journal of Experimental Botany. 56 (409): 101–112. doi:10.1093/jxb/eri015.
  16. ^ Watkins, Chris B.; Liu, Rui Hai (2011). "Pome Fruit". In Terry, Leon (ed.). Health-promoting Properties of Fruits and Vegetables. Wallingford: CABI. pp. 196–217. ISBN 978-1-84593-529-0. OCLC 758335853.
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