User:LandonA77/Nitrapyrin
Evaluation[edit]
The content appears relevant to Nitrapyrin, however, more information and citations could be added to all sections.
The tone of the article is neutral and doesn't come across as a biased, which is good.
Not every claim has a citation, and the citations themselves aren't properly cited in the reference section (don't include a link). Citation 3 on Ullmann's Encyclopedia of Industrial Chemistry by Heinrich Dittmar et al, has been updated to a new version, so this will need to be changed. There are few citations to sources on conducted research. This area would be great to see the effects nitrpyrin has in the environment and agriculture.
Lead Section[edit]
Nitrapyrin is an organic compound with the formula ClC5H3NCCl3, and is described as a white crystalline solid with a sweet odor.[1]It is used as a nitrification inhibitor and bactericide, which is applied to soils for the growing of agricultural crops[2] since the 1970s. Nitrapyrin was put up for review by the EPA and deemed safe for use in 2005.[3] Nitrapyrin is an effective nitrification inhibitor to the bacteria Nitrosomonas and has been shown to drastically the reduce the amount of N2O emissions from the soil.[2]
Synthesis[edit]
Nitrapyrin is commonly produced by the photochlorination of 2-methylpyridine:
- CH3-C5H4N + 4Cl2 → CCl3-ClC5H3N + 4 HCl
Function[edit]
Nitrapyrin functions as an inhibitor of the urease enzyme in the nitrifying bacteria Nitrosomonas, preventing hydrolytic action on urea. It is applied to the region of soil and inhibits nitrification for 8–10 weeks. Urease Inhibition specifically prevents the following reaction:
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Article Draft[edit]
Lead[edit]
Nitrapyrin is an organic compound with the formula ClC5H3NCCl3, and is described as a white crystalline solid with a sweet odor.[1]It is used as a nitrification inhibitor and bactericide, which is applied to soils for the growing of agricultural crops[2] since the 1974. Nitrapyrin was put up for review by the EPA and deemed safe for use in 2005.[3] Nitrapyrin is an effective nitrification inhibitor to the bacteria Nitrosomonas and has been shown to drastically the reduce the amount of N2O emissions from the soil.[2]
Article body[edit]
Synthesis[edit]
Nitrapyrin is commonly produced by the photochlorination of 2-methylpyridine:
- CH3-C5H4N + 4Cl2 → CCl3-ClC5H3N + 4 HCl
Function[edit]
Nitrapyrin affects the ammonia monooxygenase (AMO) pathway,[4] which is important for NH3 oxidation in nitrification;[5] it also functions as an inhibitor of the urease enzyme in the nitrifying bacteria Nitrosomonas, preventing hydrolytic action on urea. It is applied to the region of soil and inhibits nitrification for 8–10 weeks. Urease Inhibition specifically prevents the following reaction:
Effects in Agriculture[edit]
In an agricultural setting, nirtapyrin is seen to increase nitrogen retention and decrease nitrogen leaching in root zone.[6] Nitrapyrin also has the effect of increasing crop yield and decreasing emissions of N2O gas.[6][7]Nitrapyrin isn't the only product applied to soils for the growing of crops, when combined with urea and mulch, wheat biomass increased by 33% and overall yield increased by 23%.[7] Total N2O emissions reduced by 66-75% when compared to urea only experiments, suggesting that nitrapyrin affects the ability of ammonia-oxidizing bacteria to engage in nitrification and produce N2O gas.[7]
References[edit]
- ^ a b "2-CHLORO-6-(TRICHLOROMETHYL) PYRIDINE (NITRAPYRIN) | Occupational Safety and Health Administration". www.osha.gov. Retrieved 2022-04-24.
- ^ a b c d Kiiski, Harri; Dittmar, Heinrich; Drach, Manfred; Vosskamp, Ralf; Trenkel, Martin E.; Gutser, Reinhold; Steffens, Günter (2016-03-21), Wiley-VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA (ed.), "Fertilizers, 2. Types", Ullmann's Encyclopedia of Industrial Chemistry, Weinheim, Germany: Wiley-VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, pp. 1–53, doi:10.1002/14356007.n10_n01.pub2, ISBN 978-3-527-30673-2, retrieved 2022-04-24
- ^ a b "Red facts - Nitrapyrin - US EPA" (PDF). May 2005. Retrieved April 23, 2005.
- ^ Subbarao, G. V.; Nakahara, K.; Hurtado, M. P.; Ono, H.; Moreta, D. E.; Salcedo, A. F.; Yoshihashi, A. T.; Ishikawa, T.; Ishitani, M.; Ohnishi-Kameyama, M.; Yoshida, M. (October 13, 2009). "Evidence for biological nitrification inhibition in Brachiaria pastures". Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences. 106 (41): 17302–17307. doi:10.1073/pnas.0903694106. ISSN 0027-8424.
- ^ Zhou, Xue; Wang, Shuwei; Ma, Shutan; Zheng, Xinkun; Wang, Zhiyuan; Lu, Chunhui (December 2020). "Effects of commonly used nitrification inhibitors—dicyandiamide (DCD), 3,4-dimethylpyrazole phosphate (DMPP), and nitrapyrin—on soil nitrogen dynamics and nitrifiers in three typical paddy soils". Geoderma. 380: 114637. doi:10.1016/j.geoderma.2020.114637. ISSN 0016-7061.
- ^ a b Wolt, Jeffrey D. (May 2004). "A meta-evaluation of nitrapyrin agronomic and environmental effectiveness with emphasis on corn production in the Midwestern USA". Nutrient Cycling in Agroecosystems. 69 (1): 23–41. doi:10.1023/B:FRES.0000025287.52565.99. ISSN 1385-1314.
- ^ a b c Dawar, Khadim; Khan, Aamir; Sardar, Kamil; Fahad, Shah; Saud, Shah; Datta, Rahul; Danish, Subhan (February 2021). "Effects of the nitrification inhibitor nitrapyrin and mulch on N2O emission and fertilizer use efficiency using 15N tracing techniques". Science of The Total Environment. 757: 143739. doi:10.1016/j.scitotenv.2020.143739. ISSN 0048-9697.