User:Lapabc/sandbox

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BPI fold containing family A, member 4 (BPIFA4) is a non-human protein encoded by the Bpifa4 gene in monkey and cow.[1][2] It is also known as Latherin in horse, encoded by the Lath/Bpifa4 gene but somewhat divergent from the other species.[3][4][5] Latherin/BPIFA4 is a secreted protein found in saliva and sweat.

In humans no protein is normally expressed and BPIFB5P is present only as a pseudogene BPIFB5P.[6][7][5] However, it has appeared as a secreted product in breast cancer cell lines, previously named BASE (breast cancer and salivary gland expression) protein.[8][9]

Superfamily[edit]

BPIFA3 is a member of a BPI fold protein superfamily defined by the presence of the bactericidal/permeability-increasing protein fold (BPI fold) which is formed by two similar domains in a "boomerang" shape.[10] This superfamily is also known as the BPI/LBP/PLUNC family or the BPI/LPB/CETP family.[11] The BPI fold creates apolar binding pockets that can interact with hydrophobic and amphipathic molecules, such as the acyl carbon chains of lipopolysaccharide found on Gram-negative bacteria, but members of this family may have many other functions.

BPIFA4P is a human pseudogene member the BPI-fold gene family and the transcribed protein in other species is a member of the BPI/LBP/PLUNC protein superfamily

Genes for the BPI/LBP/PLUNC superfamily are found in all vertebrate species, including distant homologs in non-vertebrate species such as insects, mollusks, and roundworms.[5][12] Within that broad grouping is the BPIF gene family whose members encode the BPI fold structural motif and are found clustered on a single chromosome, e.g., Chromosome 20 in humans, Chromosome 2 in mouse, Chromosome 3 in rat, Chromosome 17 in pig, Chromosome 13 in cow. The BPIF gene family is split into two groupings, BPIFA and BPIFB. In humans, BIPFA consists of 3 protein encoding genes BPIFA1, BPIFA2, BPIFA3, and 1 pseudogene BPIFA4P; while BPIFB consists of 5 protein encoding genes BPIFB1, BPIFB2, BPIFB3, BPIFB4, BPIFB6 and 2 pseudogenes BPIFB5P, BPIFB9P. What appears as pseudogenes in humans may appear as fully functional genes in other species.

Function[edit]

In humans, the expression of the BPIFA4P pseudogene into functional BPIFA4 protein is unclear. Although identified as a pseudogene not capable of coding for a protein,[5][7] the RNA sequence for a putative protein has been detected at moderate levels in several glands (including salivary and mammillary), skin, and breast cancer.[13][9] This is consistent with the expression of normal BPIFA4/Latherin found in saliva and sweat of other species such as cow,[2] horse,[3]Cite error: A <ref> tag is missing the closing </ref> (see the help page). The function of BPIFA4 in those species is associated with BPIFA gene family members' properties of being a surfactant and binding to bacterial lipopolysaccharides. Sweat helps animals cool down, and in animals with pelts (fur) BPIFA4/Latherin significantly reduces surface tension of sweat, acting as a wetting agent to facilitate evaporative cooling. Further, it is speculated that the presence of a surfactant protein in the saliva of ruminant animals (e.g., cow, horse, sheep) may assist in mastication of large quantities of vegetable matter in their diet. BPIFA4 in saliva also may function as a first line of defense against bacteria, via bactericidal functions similar to other BIPFA and BIPFB family members.

External links[edit]

  1. ^ "BPIFA4 BPI fold containing family A, member 4 [Macaca mulatta (Rhesus monkey)] - Gene - NCBI". www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov. Retrieved 18 February 2023.
  2. ^ a b "BPIFA4 BPI fold containing family A, member 4 [Bos taurus (cattle)] - Gene - NCBI". www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov. Retrieved 18 February 2023.
  3. ^ a b "LATH latherin [Equus caballus (horse)] - Gene - NCBI". www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov. Retrieved 18 February 2023.
  4. ^ McDonald RE, Fleming RI, Beeley JG, Bovell DL, Lu JR, Zhao X, Cooper A, Kennedy MW (May 2009). "Latherin: a surfactant protein of horse sweat and saliva". Plos One. 4 (5): e5726. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0005726. PMC 2684629. PMID 19478940.{{cite journal}}: CS1 maint: unflagged free DOI (link)
  5. ^ a b c d Bingle CD, Seal RL, Craven CJ (August 2011). "Systematic nomenclature for the PLUNC/PSP/BSP30/SMGB proteins as a subfamily of the BPI fold-containing superfamily". Biochemical Society Transactions. 39 (4): 977–83. doi:10.1042/BST0390977. PMC 3196848. PMID 21787333.
  6. ^ "BPIFA4P BPI fold containing family A member 4, pseudogene [Homo sapiens (human)] - Gene - NCBI". www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov. Retrieved 18 February 2023.
  7. ^ a b "Homo sapiens BPI fold containing family A member 4, pseudogene (BPIFA4P), non-coding RNA". 29 March 2021. Retrieved 18 February 2023. Accession NR_026760
  8. ^ "Q86YQ2 - LATH_HUMAN". www.uniprot.org. Retrieved 18 February 2023.
  9. ^ a b Egland KA, Vincent JJ, Strausberg R, Lee B, Pastan I (February 2003). "Discovery of the breast cancer gene BASE using a molecular approach to enrich for genes encoding membrane and secreted proteins". Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America. 100 (3): 1099–104. doi:10.1073/pnas.0337425100. PMC 298733. PMID 12538848.
  10. ^ Beamer LJ, Carroll SF, Eisenberg D (April 1998). "The BPI/LBP family of proteins: a structural analysis of conserved regions". Protein Science. 7 (4): 906–914. doi:10.1002/pro.5560070408. PMC 2143972. PMID 9568897.
  11. ^ "CDD Conserved Protein Domain Family: BPI". www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov.
  12. ^ Beamer LJ, Fischer D, Eisenberg D (July 1998). "Detecting distant relatives of mammalian LPS-binding and lipid transport proteins". Protein Science. 7 (7): 1643–1646. doi:10.1002/pro.5560070721. PMC 2144061. PMID 9684900.
  13. ^ "Gene : BPIFA4P - ENSG00000183566". bgee.org. The Bgee suite: integrated curated expression atlas and comparative transcriptomics in animals. Retrieved 17 February 2023.
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