User:M. Frank, Future UCSF Pharm.D./Paroxysmal nocturnal dyspnoea
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Paroxysmal nocturnal dyspnea or paroxysmal nocturnal dyspnoea (PND) is an attack of severe shortness of breath and coughing that generally occurs at night.[1] It usually awakens the person from sleep, and may be quite frightening.[2] PND, as well as simple orthopnea, may be relieved by sitting upright at the side of the bed with legs dangling.[3]
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Treatment for paroxysmal nocturnal dyspnea depends on the underlying cause. If the underlying cause for the PND is heart failure with preserved ejection fraction (HFpEF), treatments can include diuretics, beta blockers, and ACE inhibitors.[4] Another underlying cause of PND is Central sleep apnea (CSA) with Cheyne-Stokes Breathing (CSB), which is recommended to be treated by continuous positive airway pressure (CPAP) and nocturnal home oxygen therapy (HOT) by the American Academy of Sleep Medicine.[5]
The shortness of breath sensation felt from PND can typically be relieved by maintaining an upright position while sleeping.[6]
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- ^ Pollak, Charles; Thorpy, Michael J.; Yager, Jan (2010). The Encyclopedia of Sleep and Sleep Disorders. Infobase Publishing. ISBN 978-1-4381-2577-0.
- ^ Wilkins, Lippincott Williams & (2007). Interpreting Signs and Symptoms. Lippincott Williams & Wilkins. ISBN 978-1-58255-668-0.
- ^ Mukerji, Vaskar (1990). "Dyspnea, Orthopnea, and Paroxysmal Nocturnal Dyspnea".
{{cite journal}}: Cite journal requires|journal=(help) - ^ Gazewood, John D.; Turner, Patrick L. (2017-11-01). "Heart Failure with Preserved Ejection Fraction: Diagnosis and Management". American Family Physician. 96 (9): 582–588. ISSN 0002-838X.
- ^ Terziyski, K.; Draganova, A. (2018), Islam, Md. Shahidul (ed.), "Central Sleep Apnea with Cheyne-Stokes Breathing in Heart Failure – From Research to Clinical Practice and Beyond", Heart Failure: From Research to Clinical Practice: Volume 3, Advances in Experimental Medicine and Biology, Cham: Springer International Publishing, pp. 327–351, doi:10.1007/5584_2018_146, ISBN 978-3-319-78280-5, retrieved 2021-07-30
- ^ Mukerji, Vaskar (1990), Walker, H. Kenneth; Hall, W. Dallas; Hurst, J. Willis (eds.), "Dyspnea, Orthopnea, and Paroxysmal Nocturnal Dyspnea", Clinical Methods: The History, Physical, and Laboratory Examinations (3rd ed.), Boston: Butterworths, ISBN 978-0-409-90077-4, PMID 21250057, retrieved 2021-07-30