User:M.kal54/Epidemiology of pneumonia

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Children[edit]

In 2008, pneumonia occurred in approximately 156 million children (151 million in the developing world and 5 million in the developed world).[1] It caused 1.6 million deaths or 28–34% of all deaths in those under five years of age of which 95% occurred in the developing world.[1][2] However, in recent years due to improvements in prevention and treatment of pneumonia, the number of cases in children under the age of five has decreased from 178 million in 2000 to 138 million in 2015, and mortality rates decreasing from 1.7 million in 2000 to 921,000 in 2015 worldwide.[3][4] Out of all deaths of children age five and under in 2017, pneumonia was the cause of 15%, killing more children than any other infectious disease.[5] In 2015, around 2,400 children under the age of 5 died of pneumonia per day.[6] Countries with the greatest burden of disease include: India (43 million), China (21 million) and Pakistan (10 million).[7]

Europe[edit]

Poland[edit]

In 2014, Poland had a pediatric population of 7,367,100, and had an incidence rate of 930 per 100,000 hospitalized with pneumonia. Out of the total number of hospitalized children, 81.8% were ages five and under, with the average age being 3.25 years. Children under the age of six were five times more likely to be hospitalized than those ages six and above. While being hospitalized, 19 pneumonia-related deaths occurred, and within three months of being released from the hospital, an additional 117 children died.[8]

United States[edit]

In the United States, community-acquired pneumonia affects 5.6 million people per year, and ranks 6th among leading causes of death. As the eighth leading cause of death in the United States, pneumonia has an annual incidence rate of 24.8 cases per 10,000 adults. [9] In 2009, there were approximately 1.86 million emergency department encounters for pneumonia in the United States. In 2011, pneumonia was the second-most common reason for hospitalization in the U.S., with approximately 1.1 million stays—a rate of 36 stays per 10,000 population.[10] For every 1,000 persons, 7.9 visited an emergency department in the United States between the years of 2016 and 2018 due to pneumonia.[11]


The most frequent cause of hospitalization for US children is pneumonia,[6] with an incidence rate of 15.7 per 10,000 children. US children less than two years of age had the highest rate, with 62.2 per 10,000 children.[12] Every year, there are about 124,000 hospitalizations of US children with community-acquired pneumonia.[13]

Asia[edit]

Korea[edit]

Korea has a high rate of pneumonia, with about 30% of its population being treated every year. [14] In 2018, the third leading cause of death in Korea was pneumonia. [14] Those ages 0-14 have the highest hospitalization rate due to bacterial pneumonia, with the total hospitalization rate being 79.1 per 10,000 persons. [15] The pneumonia death rate in Korea has been on the rise. In 2013, the death rate was 21.4 per 100,000, an increase from 5.7 per 100,000 in 2003. [16]About 1.34 million people in South Korea had pneumonia in 2018, with the prevalence being highest in children younger than ten years of age. [17]

Prevention and treatments[edit]

Prevention is the best way to keeping this disease dormant and those who acquire it healthy from symptoms. Vaccinations are the best way to prevent the spread of disease and minimize symptoms of the disease. It is recommend those who are at risk to acquiring the disease should be vaccinated. [18]

Treatment is dependent on what type of pneumonia is presented:

  • Bacterial
  • Viral

Bacterial Pneumonia Treatment

The treatment options for bacterial pneumonia is antibiotic therapy. Dependent on the severity of the case some may require hospitalization, especially when risk factors may make one more susceptible. The typical antibiotics prescribed to treat community and hospital acquired pneumonia is amoxicillin plus a macrolide.[19] It is said that if one is suspected of pneumonia to begin treatments within four hours of symptoms and diagnosis.[20]

Viral Pneumonia Treatment

There is no treatment options for viral pneumonia as antibiotics don't work for combating this strand of the disease. With treatment of viral pneumonia they use more supportive care such as rest, supplemental oxygen sources, staying hydrated, and keeping cold like symptoms at a minimum.[21]

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References[edit]

  1. ^ a b Ruuskanen O, Lahti E, Jennings LC, Murdoch DR (April 2011). "Viral pneumonia". Lancet. 377 (9773): 1264–75. doi:10.1016/S0140-6736(10)61459-6. PMC 7138033. PMID 21435708.
  2. ^ Singh V, Aneja S (March 2011). "Pneumonia - management in the developing world". Paediatric Respiratory Reviews. 12 (1): 52–9. doi:10.1016/j.prrv.2010.09.011. PMID 21172676.
  3. ^ "ClinicalKey". www.clinicalkey.com. Retrieved 2023-11-20.
  4. ^ McAllister, David A; Liu, Li; Shi, Ting; Chu, Yue; Reed, Craig; Burrows, John; Adeloye, Davies; Rudan, Igor; Black, Robert E; Campbell, Harry; Nair, Harish (2019-01). "Global, regional, and national estimates of pneumonia morbidity and mortality in children younger than 5 years between 2000 and 2015: a systematic analysis". The Lancet Global Health. 7 (1): e47–e57. doi:10.1016/s2214-109x(18)30408-x. ISSN 2214-109X. PMC 6293057. PMID 30497986. {{cite journal}}: Check date values in: |date= (help)CS1 maint: PMC format (link)
  5. ^ "Pneumonia". www.who.int. Retrieved 2020-11-12.
  6. ^ a b top-pneumonia-facts.pdf (thoracic.org)
  7. ^ Rudan I, Boschi-Pinto C, Biloglav Z, Mulholland K, Campbell H (May 2008). "Epidemiology and etiology of childhood pneumonia". Bulletin of the World Health Organization. 86 (5): 408–16. doi:10.2471/BLT.07.048769. PMC 2647437. PMID 18545744.
  8. ^ Lange, Joanna; Kozielski, Jerzy; Bartolik, Kinga; Kabicz, Paweł; Targowski, Tomasz (2023-03-01). "The incidence of pneumonia in the paediatric population in Poland in light of the maps of health needs". Journal of Public Health. 31 (3): 457–465. doi:10.1007/s10389-021-01503-3. ISSN 1613-2238.
  9. ^ Regunath, Hariharan; Oba, Yuji (2023), "Community-Acquired Pneumonia", StatPearls, Treasure Island (FL): StatPearls Publishing, PMID 28613500, retrieved 2023-11-16
  10. ^ Pfuntner A, Wier LM, Stocks C (September 2013). "Most Frequent Conditions in U.S. Hospitals, 2011". HCUP Statistical Brief (162). Rockville, MD.: Agency for Healthcare Research and Quality.
  11. ^ "Products - Data Briefs - Number 402 - March 2021". www.cdc.gov. 2021-04-30. Retrieved 2023-11-20.
  12. ^ Jain, Seema; Williams, Derek J.; Arnold, Sandra R.; Ampofo, Krow; Bramley, Anna M.; Reed, Carrie; Stockmann, Chris; Anderson, Evan J.; Grijalva, Carlos G.; Self, Wesley H.; Zhu, Yuwei; Patel, Anami; Hymas, Weston; Chappell, James D.; Kaufman, Robert A. (2015-02-26). "Community-Acquired Pneumonia Requiring Hospitalization among U.S. Children". New England Journal of Medicine. 372 (9): 835–845. doi:10.1056/NEJMoa1405870. ISSN 0028-4793. PMC 4697461. PMID 25714161.{{cite journal}}: CS1 maint: PMC format (link)
  13. ^ Katz, Sophie E.; Williams, Derek J. (2018-03). "Pediatric Community-Acquired Pneumonia in the United States". Infectious Disease Clinics of North America. 32 (1): 47–63. doi:10.1016/j.idc.2017.11.002. PMC 5801082. PMID 29269189. {{cite journal}}: Check date values in: |date= (help)CS1 maint: PMC format (link)
  14. ^ a b Lee, Kyunghee; Hong, Kyunglan; Kang, Sunghong; Hwang, Jieun (2021-09). "Characteristics and Epidemiology of Discharged Pneumonia Patients in South Korea Using the Korean National Hospital Discharge In-Depth Injury Survey Data from 2006 to 2017". Infectious Disease Reports. 13 (3): 730–741. doi:10.3390/idr13030068. ISSN 2036-7449. {{cite journal}}: Check date values in: |date= (help)CS1 maint: unflagged free DOI (link)
  15. ^ Kim, Agnus M.; Kang, Sungchan; Park, Jong Heon; Yoon, Tae Ho; Kim, Yoon (2019-02-20). "A spatial analysis of geographic variation and factors associated with hospitalization for bacterial pneumonia in Korea". BMC Pulmonary Medicine. 19 (1): 45. doi:10.1186/s12890-019-0798-6. ISSN 1471-2466.{{cite journal}}: CS1 maint: unflagged free DOI (link)
  16. ^ Yoon, Hyoung Kyu (2014-10-31). "Changes in the epidemiology and burden of community-acquired pneumonia in Korea". The Korean Journal of Internal Medicine. 29 (6): 735–737. doi:10.3904/kjim.2014.29.6.735. ISSN 1226-3303.
  17. ^ "South Korea: number of patients with pneumonia". Statista. Retrieved 2023-12-10.
  18. ^ "Pneumonia - Prevention | NHLBI, NIH". www.nhlbi.nih.gov. 2022-03-24. Retrieved 2023-12-12.
  19. ^ Sattar, Saud Bin Abdul; Sharma, Sandeep (2023), "Bacterial Pneumonia", StatPearls, Treasure Island (FL): StatPearls Publishing, PMID 30020693, retrieved 2023-12-12
  20. ^ "UpToDate". www.uptodate.com. Retrieved 2023-12-12.
  21. ^ Freeman, Andrew M.; Leigh, Jr (2023), "Viral Pneumonia", StatPearls, Treasure Island (FL): StatPearls Publishing, PMID 30020658, retrieved 2023-12-12
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