User:MReyes64/Lynching of John Lee
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[edit]The lynching of John Lee in Durant, Oklahoma, on August 12, 1911, is a significant event highlighting the racial tensions and injustices prevalent in the United States during the early 20th century. John Lee, an African American man, was subjected to a brutal act of mob violence, underscoring the deep-seated racism and systemic inequalities of the era.
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[edit]Background
Durant and Calara, Oklahoma are situated in the heart of "Little Dixie," a region characterized by its historical and cultural ties to southern states. At the end of the 19th century and beginning of the 20th century, a significant influx of new residents arrived in Oklahoma, primarily from southern states such as Texas, Arkansas, Tennessee, and Kentucky. This demographic shift contributed to the establishment of a new cultural identity in Bryan County, with a population predominantly comprised of white residents, alongside a minority of African American residents.
Events Leading to the Lynching
John Lee's background before arriving in Durant remains largely unknown. He was reportedly staying at a railroad YMCA camp in Denison, Texas, under the alias Jim Jennigan. The catalyst for the lynching occurred when Lee allegedly assaulted Fanny Campbell, a resident of Durant. Following the assault, a large mob, numbering around 500 armed men and led by local deputies, pursued Lee. He was eventually apprehended near the Texas-Oklahoma border, where he was shot numerous times by the mob and died. John Lee's body was brought back to Durant for identification by Fanny Campbell. The body was then photographed with members of the mob, taken to the north bound side of the railroad tracks, and publicly burned.
Aftermath and Legacy
The lynching of John Lee precipitated a wave of racial violence in Durant and its surrounding areas. African American families faced intimidation and forced eviction, with signs posted demanding their departure from the city. Subsequent incidents, including clashes between white vigilantes and black homeowners, exacerbated racial tensions in the community.
The legacy of John Lee's lynching continues to resonate in Durant. Despite efforts to address this dark chapter in the city's history, racial tensions persisted in the ensuing decades. Segregationist movements, such as the United Daughters of the Confederacy and the Ku Klux Klan, gained prominence, further entrenching racial divides.
References
[edit]Blaisdell, Lowell L. "Anatomy of an Oklahoma Lynching: Bryan County, August 12-13, 1911," Autumn 2001. Oklahoma Historical Society.
"Brutal Attack Made on Woman by Negro." Tulsa Daily World, 13 August 1911, p. 1.
"Durant is Threatened with War of the Races." The Peoples Press [El Reno, Oklahoma], 15 August 1911, p. 1.
"Durant Quiet Again Tonight." The Daily Ardmoreite, 15 August 1911, p. 1.
Mac Creary, Henry. Queen of Three Valleys: A Story of Durant. Democrat Printing Co. 1946.
Maurer, Mary E. From Gangs to Gangsters: A Sampling of Oklahoma Crime 1907-1940. Bryan County Genealogy Society.
Maurer, Mary E. Gone but Not Forgotten: A History of the Black Families of Caddo 1872-1911. Bryan County Genealogy Society.
Milligan, James C., Norris, L. David, and Vanmeter, Ann. Durant 1872–1990. Bryan County Heritage Association Inc. 1990.
"Mobs Burn Negroes." The Guthrie Daily Leader, 14 August 1911, p. 1.
"Negro Brutally Attacks Woman." Muskogee Daily Phoenix, 13 August 1911, p. 1.
"Negroes Flee from Oklahoma Storm Center." Tulsa Daily Democrat, 15 August 1911, p. 1.
"Negro’s Body is Burned by Mob in Oklahoma." Evening Star [Washington, D.C.], 14 August 1911, p. 2.
"Oklahoma: Composition and Characteristics of the Population." Fourteenth Census: 1920, State Compendium, United States Census Bureau, 1920.
"Posse of 500 Searching for a Negro Fiend." Tulsa Daily Democrat, 13 August 1911, p. 1.
"Race War Probable in Vicinity of Durant." The Tahlequah Arrow, 17 August 1911, p. 1.
"Statistics For Oklahoma." Thirteenth Census of the United States Taken in the Year 1910, United States Census Bureau, 1910.
"The Outrages at Durant." The Muskogee Cimeter, 2 September 1911, p. 1.