User:M maraviglia/sandbox

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This figure summaries the global cycling of reactive Nitrogen[1]. includes industrial fertilizer production[2], Nitrogen fixed by natural ecosystems[3], Nitrogen fixed by oceans[4], Nitrogen fixed by agricultural crops[5], NOx emitted by biomass burning[6], NOx emitted from soil[7], Nitrogen fixed by lightning[8], NH3 emitted by terrestrial ecosystems[9], deposition of nitrogen to terrestrial surfaces and oceans[10][11], NH3 emitted from oceans[12][13][14], ocean NO2 emissions from the atmosphere[15], denitrification in oceans[16][17][18], and reactive nitrogen burial in oceans[19].


  1. ^ Fowler, David; Coyle, Mhairi; Skiba, Ute; Sutton, Mark A.; Cape, J. Neil; Reis, Stefan; Sheppard, Lucy J.; Jenkins, Alan; Grizzetti, Bruna (2013-07-05). "The global nitrogen cycle in the twenty-first century". Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences. 368 (1621). doi:10.1098/rstb.2013.0164. ISSN 0962-8436. PMC PMCPMC3682748. PMID 23713126. {{cite journal}}: Check |pmc= value (help)
  2. ^ Galloway, J. N.; Townsend, A. R.; Erisman, J. W.; Bekunda, M.; Cai, Z.; Freney, J. R.; Martinelli, L. A.; Seitzinger, S. P.; Sutton, M. A. (2008-05-16). "Transformation of the Nitrogen Cycle: Recent Trends, Questions, and Potential Solutions". Science. 320 (5878): 889–892. doi:10.1126/science.1136674. ISSN 0036-8075.
  3. ^ Vitousek, P. M.; Menge, D. N. L.; Reed, S. C.; Cleveland, C. C. (2013-05-27). "Biological nitrogen fixation: rates, patterns and ecological controls in terrestrial ecosystems". Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences. 368 (1621): 20130119–20130119. doi:10.1098/rstb.2013.0119. ISSN 0962-8436.
  4. ^ Voss, M.; Bange, H. W.; Dippner, J. W.; Middelburg, J. J.; Montoya, J. P.; Ward, B. (2013-05-27). "The marine nitrogen cycle: recent discoveries, uncertainties and the potential relevance of climate change". Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences. 368 (1621): 20130121–20130121. doi:10.1098/rstb.2013.0121. ISSN 0962-8436.
  5. ^ Fowler, David; Coyle, Mhairi; Skiba, Ute; Sutton, Mark A.; Cape, J. Neil; Reis, Stefan; Sheppard, Lucy J.; Jenkins, Alan; Grizzetti, Bruna (2013-07-05). "The global nitrogen cycle in the twenty-first century". Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences. 368 (1621). doi:10.1098/rstb.2013.0164. ISSN 0962-8436. PMC PMCPMC3682748. PMID 23713126. {{cite journal}}: Check |pmc= value (help)
  6. ^ Vuuren, Detlef P van; Bouwman, Lex F; Smith, Steven J; Dentener, Frank (2011-10). "Global projections for anthropogenic reactive nitrogen emissions to the atmosphere: an assessment of scenarios in the scientific literature". Current Opinion in Environmental Sustainability. 3 (5): 359–369. doi:10.1016/j.cosust.2011.08.014. ISSN 1877-3435. {{cite journal}}: Check date values in: |date= (help)
  7. ^ Pilegaard, K. (2013-05-27). "Processes regulating nitric oxide emissions from soils". Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences. 368 (1621): 20130126–20130126. doi:10.1098/rstb.2013.0126. ISSN 0962-8436.
  8. ^ Levy, H.; Moxim, W. J.; Kasibhatla, P. S. (1996-10-01). "A global three-dimensional time-dependent lightning source of tropospheric NOx". Journal of Geophysical Research: Atmospheres. 101 (D17): 22911–22922. doi:10.1029/96jd02341. ISSN 0148-0227.
  9. ^ Sutton, M. A.; Reis, S.; Riddick, S. N.; Dragosits, U.; Nemitz, E.; Theobald, M. R.; Tang, Y. S.; Braban, C. F.; Vieno, M. (2013-05-27). "Towards a climate-dependent paradigm of ammonia emission and deposition". Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences. 368 (1621): 20130166–20130166. doi:10.1098/rstb.2013.0166. ISSN 0962-8436.
  10. ^ Dentener, F.; Drevet, J.; Lamarque, J. F.; Bey, I.; Eickhout, B.; Fiore, A. M.; Hauglustaine, D.; Horowitz, L. W.; Krol, M. (2006-12). "Nitrogen and sulfur deposition on regional and global scales: A multimodel evaluation: MULTIMODEL GLOBAL DEPOSITION". Global Biogeochemical Cycles. 20 (4): n/a–n/a. doi:10.1029/2005GB002672. {{cite journal}}: Check date values in: |date= (help)
  11. ^ Duce, R. A.; LaRoche, J.; Altieri, K.; Arrigo, K. R.; Baker, A. R.; Capone, D. G.; Cornell, S.; Dentener, F.; Galloway, J. (2008-05-16). "Impacts of Atmospheric Anthropogenic Nitrogen on the Open Ocean". Science. 320 (5878): 893–897. doi:10.1126/science.1150369. ISSN 0036-8075.
  12. ^ Bouwman, L.; Goldewijk, K. K.; Van Der Hoek, K. W.; Beusen, A. H. W.; Van Vuuren, D. P.; Willems, J.; Rufino, M. C.; Stehfest, E. (2011-05-16). "Exploring global changes in nitrogen and phosphorus cycles in agriculture induced by livestock production over the 1900-2050 period". Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences. 110 (52): 20882–20887. doi:10.1073/pnas.1012878108. ISSN 0027-8424.
  13. ^ Solomon, Susan (Atmospheric chemist) (2007). Climate change 2007 : the physical science basis. Published for the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change [by] Cambridge University Press. ISBN 9780521880091. OCLC 228429704.
  14. ^ Duce, R. A.; LaRoche, J.; Altieri, K.; Arrigo, K. R.; Baker, A. R.; Capone, D. G.; Cornell, S.; Dentener, F.; Galloway, J. (2008-05-16). "Impacts of Atmospheric Anthropogenic Nitrogen on the Open Ocean". Science. 320 (5878): 893–897. doi:10.1126/science.1150369. ISSN 0036-8075.
  15. ^ Sutton, Mark A., editor. The European nitrogen assessment : sources, effects, and policy perspectives. ISBN 9781107006126. OCLC 690090202. {{cite book}}: |last= has generic name (help)CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link)
  16. ^ Voss, M.; Bange, H. W.; Dippner, J. W.; Middelburg, J. J.; Montoya, J. P.; Ward, B. (2013-05-27). "The marine nitrogen cycle: recent discoveries, uncertainties and the potential relevance of climate change". Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences. 368 (1621): 20130121–20130121. doi:10.1098/rstb.2013.0121. ISSN 0962-8436.
  17. ^ Deutsch, Curtis; Sarmiento, Jorge L.; Sigman, Daniel M.; Gruber, Nicolas; Dunne, John P. (2007-01). "Spatial coupling of nitrogen inputs and losses in the ocean". Nature. 445 (7124): 163–167. doi:10.1038/nature05392. ISSN 0028-0836. {{cite journal}}: Check date values in: |date= (help)
  18. ^ Duce, R. A.; LaRoche, J.; Altieri, K.; Arrigo, K. R.; Baker, A. R.; Capone, D. G.; Cornell, S.; Dentener, F.; Galloway, J. (2008-05-16). "Impacts of Atmospheric Anthropogenic Nitrogen on the Open Ocean". Science. 320 (5878): 893–897. doi:10.1126/science.1150369. ISSN 0036-8075.
  19. ^ Voss, M.; Bange, H. W.; Dippner, J. W.; Middelburg, J. J.; Montoya, J. P.; Ward, B. (2013-05-27). "The marine nitrogen cycle: recent discoveries, uncertainties and the potential relevance of climate change". Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences. 368 (1621): 20130121–20130121. doi:10.1098/rstb.2013.0121. ISSN 0962-8436.
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