User:Marsrocking!/Polyandry in India
Kinnaur
[edit]Polyandry is in practice in many villages of Kinnaur district of Himachal Pradesh. Fraternal polyandry (where husbands are related to each other) is mainly in practice in villages, where the societies are male dominated and which still follow ancient rituals and customs.
There are many forms of polyandry which can be found here. Most often, all the brothers are married to a woman and sometimes the marriage to brothers happens at a later date. The wife can only ascertain the blood-relationship of the children, though recently there have been a few instances of paternity tests using DNA samples to resolve inheritance disputes. The rules for breaking the marriage are strict and a brother going against the marriage agreement can be treated as an outcast while losing his entire share in the property.
Historically, fraternal polyandry has been practiced by wealthier families, associated with a higher caste, in Kinnaur as a way to keep wealth within one family. This allowed for land to be properly inherited and kept in one family. It was assurance that the land and wealth held by one family could not be partitioned. Those in lower castes also practiced fraternal polyandry if they had a larger amount of land.[1]
The territory of Kinnaur remained forbidden for many years as the land route was only established 30 years ago. The joint families are now fragmented into nuclear families. The level of economies and financial resources have transformed the life of the people of Kinnaur into city.
Tibetans in India
[edit]By 1976, 83.3% of Tibetans who were exiled from China had taken refuge in India.[2] In Tibet, monogamy, polygamy, and polyandry have traditionally been practiced. Some Tibetan refugees now settled in India practice polyandry as a result of their material conditions.[3] Fraternal polyandry is a way for Tibetans to avoid having to build multiple houses every time a male in the family marries. One wife married to many brothers allows for less resources to be used on one brother and his one wife. Polyandry is also a way for Tibetans to not have to marry non-Tibetans whilst they are settled in India.[4]
Other Tribal Peoples
[edit]Fraternal polyandry exists among the Khasa of Dehradun; the Mala Madessar, the Mavilan, etc. of Kerala; and among the Sirmur, Shimla, Kullu, and Lahaul-Spiti of Himchal Pradesh[1]. Non-fraternal polyandry exists among the Kota; and among the Karvazhi, Pulaya, Muthuvan, and Mannan in Kerala.
In the 1911 Census of India, E.A. Gait mentions polyandry of the Bhotias, Kanets of Kulu valley, people of state of Bashahr, Thakkars and Megs of Kashmir, Gonds of Central Provinces, Todas and Kurumbas of Nilgiris, Kallars of Madurai, Tolkolans of Malabar, Ezhavas, Kaniyans and Kammalans of Cochin, Muduvas of Travancore and of Nairs.
References
[edit]- ^ a b Aghaghia, Rahimzadeh (October 2020). "Fraternal Polyandry and Land Ownership in Kinnaur, Western Himalaya". Human Ecology. 48 (5): 574 – via Proquest.
- ^ Sachdeva, Swati Ashkay; Surjyajeevan, Yumnam (2021). Identity in Question: The Study of Tibetan Refugees in the Indian Himalayas. Wilmington, DE: Vernon Press. p. 33. ISBN 9781622739127.
- ^ Grent, Nellie (1 January 2002). Polyandry in Dharamsala: Plural-Husband Marriage in a Tibetan Refugee Community in Northwest India. Brill. pp. 105–106. ISBN 9789004489455.
- ^ Tanka, Subba B. (1988). "Social Adaptation of the Tibetan Refugees in the Darjeeling-Sikkim Himalayas". The Tibet Journal. 3 (3): 49–57 – via JSTOR.