User:Mievlsu/Vienna Declaration Sandbox
The Vienna Declaration (2010) was a call for evidence-based drug policies prompted by the failure of traditional drug policies in the HIV/AIDS pandemic.
Background
[edit]The Vienna Declaration was published in July 2010 prior to the XVIII International AIDS Conference, 2010 (AIDS 2010)[1], which took place on the 18th - 23rd of July 2010.[2] The conference's focus was on human rights and its quintessential role in HIV/AIDS pandemic response.[3] The Vienna Declaration was the second formal declaration in an International AIDS Conference, the first was the Durban Declaration (2000).[1] The declaration was a communal effort by: the International AIDS Society, the International Centre for Science in Drug Policy (ICSDP), and the British Columbia Centre for Excellence in HIV/AIDS.[4] The Lancet published the text of the declaration, along with a series of articles and comments on HIV in people who use drugs within the same period of the declaration's release.[5] It initially had its own website (www.viennadelcaration.com) which contained: statements of support, an overview of the declaration. The website has since been taken down. By the end of the conference, the Vienna Declaration had 12,725 signatures.[1][6]
In 2010, human rights and universal access in HIV/AIDS responses were the central focus of HIV/AIDS organizations, governments, stakeholders, etc.[3] The 1988 IV International AIDS Conference marked a shift — biomedical to social, political, economic, and human rights — in the perspective from which HIV/AIDS was viewed.[1] Target 6.B of the Millennium Development Goals set 2010 as the target year for universal access to HIV/AIDS treatment, prevention, and services.[7] The Declaration of Commitment (2001) set 2010 as a target year to meet specified population goals.[8] The Political Declaration of Commitment (2006) emphasized the importance of government participation, in addition to all other organizations, agencies and individual, in creating an environment conducive to HIV/AIDS prevention, intervention, and services by ensuring human rights and individual freedoms.[9]
The global economic recession that took place close to 2010 reduced the amount of public funding given towards HIV/AIDS organizations and causes.[3]
Vienna Declaration
[edit]The declaration listed the harms of the traditional drug policies and offered drug-policy recommendations in the harm reduction category, as opposed to the previous punitive category.
Harms of Traditional Drug Policies
[edit]Financial
[edit]The "War on Drugs" drug control policy was a failure, money spent was not only wasted but served to actually cause more damage to society.[10][11][12]
A macroeconomic black drug market – valued at $320 billion a year, or the 21st economy in the world – emerged because of traditional drug policies.[10][13]
Social and Human Rights
[edit]The criminalization of drug users has lead to the highest global incarceration rates, in which racial disparities at the disproportionately-targeting hands of drug-law enforcement evident. The incarceration rates cage entire community social structures, and in turn functions.[10][14]
Severe human rights violations have been committed at the expense of punitive drug control methods. Individuals have been forced to trade portions of heir civil rights in exchange for security.[10][13]
Health and HIV
[edit]The criminalization of drug users, and their subsequent institutionalization, increases the amount, severity and frequency of HIV epidemics within that cohort. The epidemics are exacerbated because institutions have little to no HIV prevention services.[10]
References
[edit]- ^ a b c d "History of the International AIDS Conference" (PDF). AIDS2014. Retrieved 5 February 2019.
- ^ Global Commission on Drug Policy. The War on Drugs and HIV/AIDS: How the Criminalization of Drug Use Fuels the Global Pandemic. Geneva, Switzerland: Global Commission on Drug Policy, 2012. Web. 5 February 2019.
- ^ a b c "XVIII International AIDS Conference (AIDS 2010)". World Health Organization. Retrieved 5 February 2019.
- ^ Montaner, Michaela (October 2010). "The Vienna declaration: a call for drug policy reform". HIV/AIDS Policy Law Review. 15 (1): 36–37. PMID 21413619 – via PubMed.
- ^ "HIV in people who use drugs". The Lancet. 376. July 20, 2010.
- ^ Beyrer, Chris (16 May 2011). "The Golden Crescent and HIV/AIDS in Central Asia: Deadly Interactions". An International Journal for Research, Policy and Practice. 6 (5): 570–576. doi:10.1080/17441692.2011.572080. PMID 21590558. S2CID 40166984 – via Taylor and Francis Online.
- ^ "United Nations Millennium Development Goals." United Nations, United Nations, Sept. 2000,
- ^ "Declaration of Commitment on HIV/AIDS (2001)" (PDF). UNAIDS. Retrieved 5 February 2019.
- ^ "Political Declaration on HIV and AIDS (2006), universal access process, and civil society engagement" (PDF). UNAIDS. 2006.
- ^ a b c d e Wood, Evan; Werb, Dan; Kerr, Thomas; Kazatchkine, Michel; Hankins, Catherine; Gorna, Gorna; Nutt, David; Des Jarlais, Don; Barre-Sinoussi, Francoise (July 20, 2010). "Vienna Declaration: a call for evidence-based drug policies". The Lancet. 376 (9738): 310–312. doi:10.1016/S0140-6736(10)60958-0. PMID 20650517. S2CID 43013609.
- ^ Reuter, Peter (17 March 2009). "Ten years after the United Nationals General Assembly Special Session (UNGASS): assessing drug problems, policies and reform proposals". Addiction. 104 (4): 510–517. doi:10.1111/j.1360-0443.2009.02536.x. PMID 19335650 – via Wiley Online Library.
- ^ Degenhardt, Louisa (1 July 2008). "Toward a Global View of Alcohol, Tobacco, Cannabis, and Cocaine Use: Finding from the WHO World Mental Health Surveys". PLOS. 5 (7): e141. doi:10.1371/journal.pmed.0050141. PMC 2443200. PMID 18597549.
{{cite journal}}: CS1 maint: unflagged free DOI (link) - ^ a b United Nations Commission on Narcotic Drugs and Commission on Crime Prevention and Criminal Justice, Organized Crime and its Threat to Security: Tackling a disturbing consequence of drug control (Vienna: United Nations, 2009).
- ^ Wood, Evan; Marshall, Brandon DL; Montaner, Julio SG; Kerr, Thomas (March 11, 2009). "The war on drugs: a devastating public-policy disaster". The Lancet. 373 (9668): 989–990. doi:10.1016/S0140-6736(09)60455-4. PMID 19282025. S2CID 29467117.