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Transmission of HA-MRSA

MRSA can be traced back to London in 1981, where it began to spread rapidly. MRSA has become more prevalent in recent years as transmission has become more common and quick. There is a higher risk of becoming infected due to the increasing number of ways MRSA can be transmitted. Transmission of HA-MRSA by a colonized carrier is transferred through direct contact. Because humans are a long-term host for Staphylococcus aureus, asymptomatic colonization is more likely than infection. The CDC estimates that the carrier rates are between 25% and 50%. Individuals with insulin-dependent diabetes, those with dermatologic conditions, injection drug users, patients with long-term indwelling intravascular catheters, and health-care workers are at a higher carrier rate when compared to the general population.

Risks Between Races, Age, and Sex

When looking at incidence rates for invasive community-associated MRSA among race in the United States, incidence rates for African Americans were typically higher among different age groups compared to Caucasians (66.5 per 100,00 persons for blacks, 27.7 per 100,000 persons for whites). The results from a study that was conducted in Chitwan, Nepal in the year 2009 found that the rate of infection of MRSA was higher among males (75%) than females (63.4%). A study done in Japan evaluated the estimated incidence of MRSA patients. They found that out of 537 individuals, the age group 50-59 had the highest incidence rate (20.7%) followed by the age group 0-4 years (19.0%), 60-69 years(16.8%), and 40-9 years (16.4%).

Risk Among Athletes

Athletes that participate in contact sports are at a higher risk of skin and soft tissue infections due to the amount of skin trauma and proximity of athletes. The most common site of infection is the elbow in football players. Elbows and forearms come in contact and get torn up with turf and grass most consistently, and turf can carry many infectious agents and that can open a door for MRSA to begin in the body. Athletes participating in team sports are at a significantly higher risk of contracting MRSA due to the amount of skin trauma that occurs in athletics. Infections can be transmitted from simply sharing a towel to prolonged sharing of equipment as well as physical contact. There are reports of outbreaks occurring in football, wrestling, and fencing teams according to the CDC-P. It is reported that players with turf abrasions and recently shaven are seven and six times more likely to develop MRSA, respectively. The likeliness of obtaining MRSA also is dependent on certain playing positions. In treatment areas, one of the most common places MRSA was transmitted was through sharing cold whirlpools. It is stated that athletes that share whirlpools are 12 times more likely to contract MRSA infection.

CA-MRSA

Children from birth to 18 years of age presenting for sick and well visits were recruited for this study from pediatric practices affiliated with a practice-based research network. Nasal swabs were obtained, and a questionnaire was administered. Rates of MRSA colonization were similar in all age groups. The rate of MRSA nasal colonization in African American children was 4.7%, and the rate in Caucasian children was 1.2%. Higher rates of MRSA colonization were noted in practices with greater proportions of Medicaid enrollment. There are significant epidemiological risk factors associated with MRSA colonization including day care attendance, and children who bathed more frequently were more likely to be colonized with MRSA. Factors that remained significant for MRSA nasal colonization were African American and previous systemic infection. Other risk factors associated with MRSA colonization included pet ownership, fingernail biting, and sports participation. MRSA is widespread among children in many communities and includes strains associated with health care-associated and community-acquired infections.

LA-MRSA

Livestock MRSA is one of the major breast tissue causing organisms in India. It is transmitted through community milk handlers and cows. Reports suggest that the transmission between animal and human leads to community associated MRSA. Livestock MRSA is mainly found in swine, cattle, and companion type animals that is then found in humans who have contact with these animals. Those individuals with LA MRSA have been reported all around the world. India is the highest milk producer in the world with dairy production being one of the major agricultural activities among their population. Studies have found that there is an increase in livestock MRSA due to the improper antibiotic usage and poor intramammary lymph nodes within the breast tissue administered to the cattle.In Germany it was found that 10% of infections of MRSA were due to livestock from individuals who have occupational exposure to pigs. The prevalence of MRSA in livestock is due to the size of the farm, system of the farm, use of disinfectants, and in feed zinc. Areas with a high density of farms was found that 10% of LA MRSA is due to blood poisoning caused by bacteria or toxins, and 15% of LA MRSA is caused from wound infections.