My plan is to first work on the history of the small U.S. groups that split from "official Trotskyism." Some of these groups (e.g., the Revolutionary Workers League) broke over issues like the French Turn, but never evolved beyond official Trotskyism on issues such as the nature of the Soviet Union. Others (e.g., the Marxist Workers League and the Revolutionary Marxist League) made a more substantial break, seeming to come -- late, and less clearly -- to positions already developed by the communist left. And still others, like Paul Kirchhoff or David Atkins, ended up squarely within the ranks of the communist left.