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Opioid rotation or opioid switching is the process of changing one opioid to another to improve pain control or reduce unwanted side effects [1]. This technique was introduced over 20 years ago to help manage severe chronic pain and improve the opioid response in cancer patients [2]. In order to obtain adequate levels of pain relief, patients requiring chronic opioid therapy may require an increase in the original prescribed dose for a number of reasons, including increased pain or a worsening disease state [3]. Over the course of long term treatment, an increase in dosage cannot be continued indefinitely as unwanted side effects of treatment often become intolerable once a certain dose is reached, even though the pain may still not be properly managed. One solution to this is to switch the patient between different opioid drugs over time, usually every few months [4]. Opioid rotation requires strict monitoring in patients with ongoing levels of high opioid doses for extended periods of time, since long term opioid use can lead to a patient developing tolerance to the analgesic effects of the drug [5]. Patients may also not respond to the first opioid prescribed to them at all, therefore needing to try another opioid to help manage their pain [3]. A patient's specific response and sensitivity to opioids include many factors that include physiology, genetics and pharmacodynamic parameters, which together determine the amount of pain control and tolerance of a particular opioid [4].
Old Version:
Opioid rotation or opioid switching is a practice used in the management of severe chronic pain, usually though not exclusively in the context of treatment for cancer. Patients whose ongoing levels of pain require treatment with high doses of strong opioid analgesic drugs for extended periods of time, tend to develop tolerance to the effects of the drug, which then requires dose escalation to continue providing adequate levels of pain relief. Over the course of long term treatment however, dose escalation cannot be continued indefinitely as unwanted side effects of treatment often become intolerable once a certain dosage level is reached, even though pain may still not be adequately controlled. One solution to this is to switch the patient between different opioid drugs over time, usually every few months.[6]
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- ^ Kraychete, Durval Campos; Sakata, Rioko Kimiko. "Use and Rotation of Opioids in Chronic Non-oncologic Pain". Brazilian Journal of Anesthesiology. 62 (4): 554–562. doi:10.1016/s0034-7094(12)70155-1.
- ^ Mercadante, Sebastiano; Bruera, Eduardo. "Opioid switching in cancer pain: From the beginning to nowadays". Critical Reviews in Oncology/Hematology. 99: 241–248. doi:10.1016/j.critrevonc.2015.12.011.
- ^ a b Peppin, John (2014-10-17). "Toward a systematic approach to opioid rotation". Journal of Pain Research. 7. doi:10.2147/jpr.s55782.
{{cite journal}}: CS1 maint: unflagged free DOI (link) - ^ a b Nalamachu, Srinivas R. (2012-10-01). "Opioid Rotation in Clinical Practice". Advances in Therapy. 29 (10): 849–863. doi:10.1007/s12325-012-0051-7. ISSN 0741-238X.
- ^ Knotkova, Helena; Fine, Perry G.; Portenoy, Russell K. "Opioid Rotation: The Science and the Limitations of the Equianalgesic Dose Table". Journal of Pain and Symptom Management. 38 (3): 426–439. doi:10.1016/j.jpainsymman.2009.06.001.
- ^ Nalamachu SR. Opioid rotation in clinical practice. Adv Ther. 2012 Oct;29(10):849-63. doi: 10.1007/s12325-012-0051-7 PMID 23054690