User:Morgainecirce/sandboxpregnancy

From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia


Pregnancy, also known as gestation, is the time during which one or more offspring develops inside a woman.[1] A pregnancy may result in a live birth, abortion or miscarriage. Abortion refers to a pregnancy intentionally ended while a miscarriage refers to a spontaneous fetal loss after 5 weeks of gestation, including stillbirth.[2] A multiple pregnancy involves more than one offspring, such as with twins.[3] Pregnancy can occur by sexual intercourse or assisted reproductive technology in cases of male or female infertility.[4]

A pregnant individual may choose between continuing the pregnancy or ending the pregnancy by having an abortion, though access to safe abortion care varies drastically throughout the world.[5] Those who continue their pregnancies may have options of parenting or pursuing adoption within their families or using a more formal adoption system, where available.[6]

Childbirth occurs around 40 weeks after the last menstrual period (LMP).[7] This is just over nine months, where each month averages 31 days.[1][7] It is divided into three trimesters, first trimester ranging from 1 to 12 weeks, second trimester 13 to 27 weeks, and third trimester 29-40 weeks.[8] When measured from fertilization pregnancy is about 38 weeks.[7] An embryo is the developing offspring during the first eight weeks following fertilization, after which, the term fetus is used until birth.[7] Symptoms of early pregnancy may include missed periods, tender breasts, nausea and vomiting, hunger, and frequent urination.[9] Pregnancy may be confirmed with a pregnancy test.[10]

Women who continue their pregnancies may obtain prenatal care, which improves pregnancy outcomes.[11] Birth occurs either by labor, characterized by uterine contractions and cervix of the uterus opening with a baby coming out of the vagina or by abdominal surgery, where the baby is removed from the uterus by a surgeon using a technique called cesarean section. Complications of pregnancy may include disorders of high blood pressure, gestational diabetes, iron-deficiency anemia, and severe nausea and vomiting among others. Preterm birth is the most common complication of pregnancy leading to infant death, with greatest risk associated with earlier gestation. At 28 weeks, more than 90% of babies can survive outside of the uterus if provided with high-quality medical care.[12] The third trimester is from 29 weeks through 40 weeks.[12]

About 213 million pregnancies occurred in 2012, of which, 190 million (89%) were in the developing world and 23 million (11%) were in the developed world.[13] The number of pregnancies in women ages 15 to 44 is 133 per 1,000 women.[13] Some individuals and couples may intend to become pregnant while others have unintended pregnancies, which account for 44% of all pregnancies between 2010 and 2014.[14] About 10% to 15% of recognized pregnancies end in miscarriage[15] and 21% in abortion.[16]

Terminology[edit]

Title page from an 18th-century book about pregnancy
lustrata, 1774

Associated terms for pregna


Pregnancy, also known as gestation, is the time during which one or more offspring develops inside a woman.[4] A pregnancy may result in a live birth, abortion or miscarriage. Abortion refers to a pregnancy that is intentionally ended while miscarriage refers to spontaneous fetal losses after 5 weeks of gestation, including stillbirth.[13][14] A multiple pregnancy involves more than one offspring, such as with twins.[15] Pregnancy can occur by sexual intercourse or assisted reproductive technology in cases of male or female infertility.[6] Childbirth typically occurs around 40 weeks from the start of the last menstrual period (LMP).[4][5] This is just over nine months, where each month averages 31 days.[4][5] When measured from fertilization it is about 38 weeks.[5] An embryo is the developing offspring during the first eight weeks following fertilization, after which, the term fetus is used until birth.[5] Symptoms of early pregnancy may include missed periods, tender breasts, nausea and vomiting, hunger, and frequent urination.[1] Pregnancy may be confirmed with a pregnancy test.[7]

A pregnant individual may choose between continuing the pregnancy or ending the pregnancy by having an abortion, though access to safe abortion care varies drastically throughout the world.[16] Those who continue their pregnancies may have options of parenting or pursuing adoption within their families or using a more formal adoption system, where available.[17] Women who continue their pregnancies may obtain prenatal care.

13 Bearak, Jonathan; Popinchalk, Anna; Alkema, Leontine; Sedgh, Gilda (2018). "Global, regional, and subregional trends in unintended pregnancy and its outcomes from 1990 to 2014: estimates from a Bayesian hierarchical model". The Lancet Global Health. 6 (4): e380–e389. doi:10.1016/S2214-109X(18)30029-9. PMC 6055480. PMID 29519649.

14 Bearak, Jonathan Marc; Popinchalk, Anna; Sedgh, Gilda; Ganatra, Bela; Moller, Ann-Beth; Tunçalp, Özge; Alkema, Leontine (20 March 2019). "Pregnancies, abortions, and pregnancy intentions: a protocol for modeling and reporting global, regional and country estimates". Reproductive Health. 16 (1): 36. doi:10.1186/s12978-019-0682-0. ISSN 1742-4755. PMC 6425570. PMID 30894174.

16 Calvert, Clara; Owolabi, Onikepe O; Yeung, Felicia; Pittrof, Rudiger; Ganatra, Bela; Tunçalp, Özge; Adler, Alma J; Filippi, Veronique (2018). "The magnitude and severity of abortion-related morbidity in settings with limited access to abortion services: a systematic review and meta-regression". BMJ Global Health. 3 (3): e000692. doi:10.1136/bmjgh-2017-000692. ISSN 2059-7908.

17 Innocenti, UNICEF Office of Research-. "Adoption and alternative care". UNICEF-IRC. Retrieved 24 September 2019.

  1. ^ a b "Pregnancy: Condition Information". Eunice Kennedy Shriver National Institute of Child Health and Human Development. 19 December 2013. Archived from the original on 19 March 2015. Retrieved 14 March 2015.
  2. ^ Reiter RJ, Tan DX, Korkmaz A, Rosales-Corral SA (2014). "Melatonin and stable circadian rhythms optimize maternal, placental and fetal physiology". Human Reproduction Update. 20 (2): 293–307. doi:10.1093/humupd/dmt054. PMID 24132226.
  3. ^ Wylie L (2005). Essential anatomy and physiology in maternity care (Second ed.). Edinburgh: Churchill Livingstone. p. 172. ISBN 978-0-443-10041-3. Archived from the original on 10 September 2017.
  4. ^ Shehan CL (2016). The Wiley Blackwell Encyclopedia of Family Studies, 4 Volume Set. John Wiley & Sons. p. 406. ISBN 978-0-470-65845-1. Archived from the original on 10 September 2017.
  5. ^ Calvert, Clara; Owolabi, Onikepe O; Yeung, Felicia; Pittrof, Rudiger; Ganatra, Bela; Tunçalp, Özge; Adler, Alma J; Filippi, Veronique (2018). "The magnitude and severity of abortion-related morbidity in settings with limited access to abortion services: a systematic review and meta-regression". BMJ Global Health. 3 (3): e000692. doi:10.1136/bmjgh-2017-000692. ISSN 2059-7908.
  6. ^ Sloan, Brian (2018-12-11), "Adoption Versus Alternative Forms of Care", The Oxford Handbook of Children and the Law, Oxford University Press, ISBN 9780190694395, retrieved 2019-09-27
  7. ^ a b c d Abman SH (2011). Fetal and neonatal physiology (4th ed.). Philadelphia: Elsevier/Saunders. pp. 46–47. ISBN 978-1-4160-3479-7.
  8. ^ "7". Williams obstetrics. Cunningham, F. Gary, (25th edition ed.). New York. ISBN 9781259644320. OCLC 986236927. {{cite book}}: |edition= has extra text (help)CS1 maint: extra punctuation (link) CS1 maint: others (link)
  9. ^ "What are some common signs of pregnancy?". Eunice Kennedy Shriver National Institute of Child Health and Human Development. 12 July 2013. Archived from the original on 19 March 2015. Retrieved 14 March 2015.
  10. ^ "How do I know if I'm pregnant?". Eunice Kennedy Shriver National Institute of Child Health and Human Development. 30 November 2012. Archived from the original on 2 April 2015. Retrieved 14 March 2015.
  11. ^ "What is prenatal care and why is it important?". http://www.nichd.nih.gov/. Retrieved 2019. {{cite web}}: Check date values in: |access-date= (help); External link in |website= (help)CS1 maint: url-status (link)
  12. ^ a b "Pregnancy: Condition Information". Eunice Kennedy Shriver National Institute of Child Health and Human Development. 19 December 2013. Archived from the original on 19 March 2015. Retrieved 14 March 2015.
  13. ^ a b Sedgh G, Singh S, Hussain R (September 2014). "Intended and unintended pregnancies worldwide in 2012 and recent trends". Studies in Family Planning. 45 (3): 301–314. doi:10.1111/j.1728-4465.2014.00393.x. PMC 4727534. PMID 25207494.
  14. ^ "Oral health care during pregnancy: A strategies and considerations" (PDF).
  15. ^ The Johns Hopkins Manual of Gynecology and Obstetrics (4 ed.). Lippincott Williams & Wilkins. 2012. p. 438. ISBN 978-1-4511-4801-5. Archived from the original on 10 September 2017.
  16. ^ Sedgh, Gilda; Singh, Susheela; Shah, Iqbal H.; Ahman, Elisabeth; Henshaw, Stanley K.; Bankole, Akinrinola (2012-02-18). "Induced abortion: incidence and trends worldwide from 1995 to 2008". Lancet (London, England). 379 (9816): 625–632. doi:10.1016/S0140-6736(11)61786-8. ISSN 1474-547X. PMID 22264435.
Retrieved from "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=User:Morgainecirce/sandboxpregnancy&oldid=984475249"