User:Mr. Ibrahem/Addison's disease
| Addison's disease | |
|---|---|
| Other names | Addison disease, chronic adrenal insufficiency, hypocortisolism, hypoadrenalism, primary adrenal insufficiency[1] |
 | |
| Darkening of the skin seen on the legs of a white person with Addison's disease | |
| Specialty | Endocrinology |
| Symptoms | Abdominal pain, weakness, weight loss, darkening of the skin[1] |
| Complications | Adrenal crisis[1] |
| Usual onset | Middle-aged females[1] |
| Causes | Problems with the adrenal gland[1] |
| Diagnostic method | Blood tests, urine tests, medical imaging[1] |
| Treatment | Corticosteroid such as hydrocortisone and fludrocortisone[1][2] |
| Frequency | 0.9–1.4 per 10,000 people (developed world)[1][3] |
Addison's disease, also known as primary adrenal insufficiency and hypocortisolism, is a long-term endocrine disorder in which the adrenal glands do not produce enough steroid hormones.[1] Symptoms generally come on slowly and may include abdominal pain, weakness, and weight loss.[1] Darkening of the skin in certain areas may also occur.[4] Under certain circumstances, an adrenal crisis may occur with low blood pressure, vomiting, lower back pain, and loss of consciousness.[1] An adrenal crisis can be triggered by stress, such as from an injury, surgery, or infection.[1]
Addison's disease arises from problems with the adrenal gland such that not enough of the steroid hormone cortisol and possibly aldosterone are produced,[1] most often due to damage by the body's own immune system in the developed world and tuberculosis in the developing world.[5] Other causes include certain medications, sepsis, and bleeding into both adrenal glands.[1][5] Secondary adrenal insufficiency is caused by not enough adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH) (produced by the pituitary gland) or corticotropin-releasing hormone (CRH) (produced by the hypothalamus).[1] Despite this distinction, adrenal crises can happen in all forms of adrenal insufficiency.[1] Addison's disease is generally diagnosed by blood tests, urine tests, and medical imaging.[1]
Treatment involves replacing the absent hormones.[1] This involves taking a corticosteroid such as hydrocortisone and fludrocortisone.[1][2] These medications are usually taken by mouth.[1] Lifelong, continuous steroid replacement therapy is required, with regular follow-up treatment and monitoring for other health problems.[6] A high-salt diet may also be useful in some people.[1] If symptoms worsen, an injection of corticosteroid is recommended and people should carry a dose with them.[1] Often, large amounts of intravenous fluids with the sugar dextrose are also required.[1] Without treatment, an adrenal crisis can result in death.[1]
Addison's disease affects about 0.9 to 1.4 per 10,000 people in the developed world.[1][3] It occurs most frequently in middle-aged females.[1] Secondary adrenal insufficiency is more common.[3] Long-term outcomes with treatment are typically good.[7] It is named after Thomas Addison, a graduate of the University of Edinburgh Medical School, who first described the condition in 1855.[8] The adjective "addisonian" is used to describe features of the condition, as well as people with Addison's disease.[9]
References[edit]
- ^ a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o p q r s t u v w x y z "Adrenal Insufficiency and Addison's Disease". National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases. May 2014. Archived from the original on 13 March 2016. Retrieved 13 March 2016.
- ^ a b Napier, Catherine; Pearce, Simon H.S. (June 2014). "Current and emerging therapies for Addison's disease". Current Opinion in Endocrinology, Diabetes and Obesity. 21 (3). Philadelphia, Pennsylvania: Lippincott Williams & Wilkins Ltd.: 147–53. doi:10.1097/med.0000000000000067. PMID 24755997. Archived from the original on 2019-10-31. Retrieved 2020-08-06.
- ^ a b c Brandão Neto, RA; de Carvalho, JF (2014). "Diagnosis and classification of Addison's disease (autoimmune adrenalitis)". Autoimmunity Reviews. 13 (4–5): 408–11. doi:10.1016/j.autrev.2014.01.025. PMID 24424183.
- ^ James, William D.; Elston, Dirk; Treat, James R.; Rosenbach, Misha A.; Neuhaus, Isaac (2020). "24. Endocrine diseases". Andrews' Diseases of the Skin: Clinical Dermatology (13th ed.). Edinburgh: Elsevier. pp. 497–498. ISBN 978-0-323-54753-6. Archived from the original on 2022-06-08. Retrieved 2022-06-07.
- ^ a b Adam, Andy (2014). Grainger & Allison's Diagnostic Radiology (6 ed.). Elsevier Health Sciences. p. 1031. ISBN 9780702061288. Archived from the original on 2016-03-14.
- ^ Napier, Catherine; Pearce, Simon H.S. (December 2012). "Autoimmune Addison's disease". Presse Médicale. 41 (12 P 2). Amsterdam, Netherlands: Elsevier: e626-35. doi:10.1016/j.lpm.2012.09.010. PMID 23177474.
- ^ Rajagopalan, Murray Longmore, Ian B. Wilkinson, Supraj R. (2006). Mini Oxford handbook of clinical medicine (6 ed.). Oxford: Oxford University Press. p. 312. ISBN 9780198570714. Archived from the original on 2016-03-14.
{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link) - ^ Rose, Noel R.; Mackay, Ian R. (2014). The autoimmune diseases (5 ed.). San Diego, CA: Elsevier Science. p. 605. ISBN 9780123849304. Archived from the original on 2016-03-14.
- ^ Ten S, New M, Maclaren N (2001). "Clinical review 130: Addison's disease 2001". The Journal of Clinical Endocrinology and Metabolism. 86 (7): 2909–2922. doi:10.1210/jc.86.7.2909. PMID 11443143. Archived from the original on 2009-08-22. Retrieved 2020-08-06.