User:Mr. Ibrahem/Epidural hematoma
| Epidural hematoma | |
|---|---|
| Other names | Extradural hematoma, epidural hemorrhage, epidural haematoma, epidural bleeding |
 | |
| Epidural hematoma as seen on a CT scan with overlying skull fracture. Note the biconvex shaped collection of blood. There is also bruising with bleeding on the opposite side of the brain. | |
| Specialty | Neurosurgery, emergency medicine |
| Symptoms | Headache, confusion, paralysis[1] |
| Usual onset | Rapid[2] |
| Causes | Head injury, bleeding disorder, blood vessel malformation[1] |
| Diagnostic method | Medical imaging (CT scan)[1] |
| Differential diagnosis | Subdural hematoma, subarachnoid hemorrhage, traumatic brain injury,[1] transient ischemic attack seizure, intracranial abscess, brain tumor[3] |
| Treatment | Surgery (craniotomy, burr hole)[1] |
Epidural hematoma is when bleeding occurs between the tough outer membrane covering the brain (dura mater) and the skull.[4] Often there is loss of consciousness following a head injury, a brief regaining of consciousness, and then loss of consciousness again.[2] Other symptoms may include headache, confusion, vomiting, and an inability to move parts of the body.[1] Complications may include seizures.[1]
The cause is typically head injury that results in a break of the temporal bone and bleeding from the middle meningeal artery.[4] Occasionally it can occur as a result of a bleeding disorder or blood vessel malformation.[1] Diagnosis is typically by a CT scan or MRI.[1] When this condition occurs in the spine it is known as a spinal epidural hematoma.[4]
Treatment is generally by urgent surgery in the form of a craniotomy or burr hole.[1] The use of an intraosseous needle to decompress a bleed has also been described.[5] Without treatment, death typically results.[6] The condition occurs in one to four percent of head injuries.[1] Typically it occurs in young adults.[1] Males are more often affected than females.[1]
References[edit]
- ^ a b c d e f g h i j k l m Ferri, Fred F. (2016). Ferri's Clinical Advisor 2017 E-Book: 5 Books in 1. Elsevier Health Sciences. p. 441. ISBN 9780323448383. Archived from the original on 2021-08-28. Retrieved 2020-06-03.
- ^ a b Pooler, Charlotte (2009). Porth Pathophysiology: Concepts of Altered Health States. Lippincott Williams & Wilkins. p. 1256. ISBN 9781605477817. Archived from the original on 2021-08-29. Retrieved 2020-06-03.
- ^ Khairat, Ali; Waseem, Muhammad (2018), "Epidural Hematoma", StatPearls, StatPearls Publishing, PMID 30085524, archived from the original on 2020-08-29, retrieved 2019-02-13
- ^ a b c Pryse-Phillips, William (6 May 2009). Companion to Clinical Neurology. Oxford University Press. p. 335. ISBN 9780199710041. Archived from the original on 23 April 2017. Retrieved 8 October 2014.
Epidural hemorrhage (epidural hematoma, extradural hemorrhage, or hematoma) Bleeding outside the outermost layer of the dural mater, which is thus stripped away from the inner table of the skull or spinal canal.
- ^ "Unlocking Common ED Procedures – Crackin' the Cranium: A Review of Cranial Burr Hole Decompression". emDOCs.net - Emergency Medicine Education. 9 April 2020. Archived from the original on 28 November 2020. Retrieved 15 March 2021.
- ^ Rubin, Raphael; Strayer, David S.; Rubin, Emanuel; (M.D.), Jay M. McDonald (2008). Rubin's Pathology: Clinicopathologic Foundations of Medicine. Lippincott Williams & Wilkins. p. 1183. ISBN 9780781795166. Archived from the original on 2021-08-28. Retrieved 2020-06-03.