User:Mr. Ibrahem/Hernia
| Hernia | |
|---|---|
 | |
| Diagram of an indirect inguinal hernia (view from the side) | |
| Specialty | General surgery |
| Symptoms | Pain especially with coughing, bulging area[1] |
| Complications | Bowel strangulation[1] |
| Usual onset | < 1 year and > 50 years old (groin hernias)[2] |
| Risk factors | Smoking, chronic obstructive pulmonary disease, obesity, pregnancy, peritoneal dialysis, collagen vascular disease[1][2][3] |
| Diagnostic method | Based on symptoms, medical imaging[1] |
| Treatment | Observation, surgery[1] |
| Frequency | 18.5 million (2015)[4] |
| Deaths | 59,800 (2015)[5] |
A hernia is the abnormal exit of tissue or an organ, such as the bowel, through the wall of the cavity in which it normally resides.[1] Hernias come in a number of types.[6] Most commonly they involve the abdomen, specifically the groin.[6] Groin hernias are most commonly of the inguinal type but may also be femoral.[1] Other hernias include hiatus, incisional, and umbilical hernias.[6] Symptoms are present in about 66% of people with groin hernias.[1] This may include pain or discomfort, especially with coughing, exercise or going to the bathroom.[1] Often, it gets worse throughout the day and improves when lying down.[1] A bulging area may appear that becomes larger when bearing down.[1] Groin hernias occur more often on the right than left side.[1] The main concern is strangulation, where the blood supply to part of the bowel is blocked.[1] This usually produces severe pain and tenderness in the area.[1] Hiatus, or hiatal, hernias often result in heartburn but may also cause chest pain or pain with eating.[3]
Risk factors for the development of a hernia include: smoking, chronic obstructive pulmonary disease, obesity, pregnancy, peritoneal dialysis, collagen vascular disease and previous open appendectomy, among others.[1][2][3] Hernias are partly genetic and occur more often in certain families.[1] It is unclear if groin hernias are associated with heavy lifting.[1] Hernias can often be diagnosed based on signs and symptoms.[1] Occasionally, medical imaging is used to confirm the diagnosis or rule out other possible causes.[1] The diagnosis of hiatus hernias is often by endoscopy.[3]
Groin hernias that do not cause symptoms in males do not need to be repaired.[1] Repair, however, is generally recommended in women due to the higher rate of femoral hernias, which have more complications.[1] If strangulation occurs, immediate surgery is required.[1] Repair may be done by open surgery or laparoscopic surgery.[1] Open surgery has the benefit of possibly being done under local anesthesia rather than general anesthesia.[1] Laparoscopic surgery generally has less pain following the procedure.[1] A hiatus hernia may be treated with lifestyle changes such as raising the head of the bed, weight loss and adjusting eating habits.[3] The medications H2 blockers or proton pump inhibitors may help.[3] If the symptoms do not improve with medications, a surgery known as laparoscopic Nissen fundoplication may be an option.[3]
About 27% of males and 3% of females develop a groin hernia at some point in their lives.[1] Inguinal, femoral and abdominal hernias were present in 18.5 million people and resulted in 59,800 deaths in 2015.[4][5] Groin hernias occur most often before the age of 1 and after the age of 50.[2] It is not known how commonly hiatus hernias occur, with estimates in North America varying from 10% to 80%.[3] The first known description of a hernia dates back to at least 1550 BC, in the Ebers Papyrus from Egypt.[7]
References[edit]
- ^ a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o p q r s t u v w x y z Fitzgibbons RJ, Jr; Forse, RA (19 February 2015). "Clinical practice. Groin hernias in adults". The New England Journal of Medicine. 372 (8): 756–63. doi:10.1056/NEJMcp1404068. PMID 25693015.
- ^ a b c d Domino, Frank J. (2014). The 5-minute clinical consult 2014 (22nd ed.). Philadelphia, Pa.: Wolters Kluwer Health/Lippincott Williams & Wilkins. p. 562. ISBN 9781451188509. Archived from the original on 2017-08-22.
- ^ a b c d e f g h Roman, S; Kahrilas, PJ (23 October 2014). "The diagnosis and management of hiatus hernia". BMJ (Clinical Research Ed.). 349: g6154. doi:10.1136/bmj.g6154. PMID 25341679. Archived from the original on 28 August 2021. Retrieved 17 December 2019.
- ^ a b GBD 2015 Disease and Injury Incidence and Prevalence, Collaborators. (8 October 2016). "Global, regional, and national incidence, prevalence, and years lived with disability for 310 diseases and injuries, 1990-2015: a systematic analysis for the Global Burden of Disease Study 2015". Lancet. 388 (10053): 1545–1602. doi:10.1016/S0140-6736(16)31678-6. PMC 5055577. PMID 27733282.
{{cite journal}}:|first1=has generic name (help)CS1 maint: numeric names: authors list (link) - ^ a b GBD 2015 Mortality and Causes of Death, Collaborators. (8 October 2016). "Global, regional, and national life expectancy, all-cause mortality, and cause-specific mortality for 249 causes of death, 1980-2015: a systematic analysis for the Global Burden of Disease Study 2015". Lancet. 388 (10053): 1459–1544. doi:10.1016/s0140-6736(16)31012-1. PMC 5388903. PMID 27733281.
{{cite journal}}:|first1=has generic name (help)CS1 maint: numeric names: authors list (link) - ^ a b c "Hernia". www.nlm.nih.gov. 9 August 2014. Archived from the original on 16 March 2015. Retrieved 12 March 2015.
- ^ Nigam, VK (2009). Essentials of Abdominal Wall Hernias. I. K. International Pvt Ltd. p. 6. ISBN 9788189866938. Archived from the original on 2017-09-08.