User:Mr. Ibrahem/Hiatal hernia
| Hiatal hernia | |
|---|---|
| Other names | Hiatus hernia |
 | |
| A drawing of a hiatal hernia | |
| Specialty | Gastroenterology, general surgery |
| Symptoms | Taste of acid in the back of the mouth, heartburn, trouble swallowing[1] |
| Complications | Iron deficiency anemia, volvulus, bowel obstruction[1] |
| Types | Sliding, paraesophageal[1] |
| Risk factors | Obesity, older age, major trauma[1] |
| Diagnostic method | Endoscopy, medical imaging, manometry[1] |
| Treatment | Raising the head of the bed, weight loss, medications, surgery[1] |
| Medication | H2 blockers, proton pump inhibitors[1] |
| Frequency | 10–80% (US)[1] |
A hiatal hernia is a type of hernia in which abdominal organs (typically the stomach) slip through the diaphragm into the middle compartment of the chest.[1][2] This may result in gastroesophageal reflux disease (GERD) or laryngopharyngeal reflux (LPR) with symptoms such as a taste of acid in the back of the mouth or heartburn.[1][2] Other symptoms may include trouble swallowing and chest pains.[1] Complications may include iron deficiency anemia, volvulus, or bowel obstruction.[1]
The most common risk factors are obesity and older age.[1] Other risk factors include major trauma, scoliosis, and certain types of surgery.[1] There are two main types: sliding hernia, in which the body of the stomach moves up; and paraesophageal hernia, in which an abdominal organ moves beside the esophagus.[1] The diagnosis may be confirmed with endoscopy or medical imaging.[1] Endoscopy is typically only required when concerning symptoms are present, symptoms are resistant to treatment, or the person is over 50 years of age.[1]
Symptoms from a hiatal hernia may be improved by changes such as raising the head of the bed, weight loss, and adjusting eating habits.[1] Medications that reduce gastric acid such as H2 blockers or proton pump inhibitors may also help with the symptoms.[1] If the condition does not improve with medications, a surgery to carry out a laparoscopic fundoplication may be an option.[1]
Between 10% and 80% of people in the United States are affected.[1] Women are more commonly affected than men.[3] The condition becomes more common with age.[3] Hiatal hernias were first reported in 1853, and first diagnosed using x-rays in 1900.[4]
References[edit]
- ^ a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o p q r s t u Roman, S; Kahrilas, PJ (23 October 2014). "The diagnosis and management of hiatus hernia". British Medical Journal (Clinical Research Ed.). 349: g6154. doi:10.1136/bmj.g6154. PMID 25341679. Archived from the original on 28 August 2021. Retrieved 16 December 2019.
However, the exact prevalence of hiatus hernia is difficult to determine because of the inherent subjectivity in diagnostic criteria. Consequently, estimates vary widely—for example, from 10% to 80% of the adult population in North America
- ^ a b "Hiatal Hernia". PubMed Health. Archived from the original on 28 April 2017. Retrieved 6 May 2017.
- ^ a b Smith, RE; Shahjehan, RD (January 2020). "Hiatal Hernia". PMID 32965871.
{{cite journal}}: Cite journal requires|journal=(help) - ^ Stylopoulos, Nicholas; Rattner, David W. (January 2005). "The History of Hiatal Hernia Surgery". Annals of Surgery. 241 (1): 185–193. doi:10.1097/01.sla.0000149430.83220.7f. ISSN 0003-4932. PMID 15622007. Archived from the original on 2018-08-10. Retrieved 2021-01-14.