User:Mr. Ibrahem/Hiccup
| Mr. Ibrahem/Hiccup | |
|---|---|
| Other names | Singultus, hiccough, synchronous diaphragmatic flutter (SDF) |
| Pronunciation | |
| Specialty | Otorhinolaryngology |
| Symptoms | Uncomfortable[1] |
| Duration | Acute, persistent, intractable[1] |
| Causes | Unclear, GERD, hiatus hernia, alcohol, esophageal cancer, Parkinson's, certain medications[2][1] |
| Risk factors | Psychological stress[2] |
| Diagnostic method | Based on symptoms[3] |
| Differential diagnosis | Coughing, gagging[1] |
| Treatment | Simple physical maneuvers, addressing the underlying cause[1] |
| Medication | Chlorpromazine, haloperidol, baclofen, gabapentin[1] |
| Prognosis | Generally not serious[1] |
| Frequency | Most affected at some point[2] |
Hiccup, also known as singultus, is a sudden and involuntary contraction of the diaphragm.[1] They generally occur as bouts that last a few minutes with 4 to 60 episodes a minute.[2] Each hiccup is uncomfortable but brief.[1][4] Prolonged episodes may affect quality of life and sleep.[1][3]
The cause is often unclear; though some cases may occur due to gastroesophageal reflux disease, hiatus hernia, alcohol, esophageal cancer, Parkinson's, and certain medications.[2][1] Triggers may include psychological stress and eating.[2] The underlying mechanism is believed to involve a reflex arc.[1] Following a contraction of the diaphragm followed there is closure of the vocal cords, which results in the "hic" sound.[1] Episodes that last less than 48 hours are known as "acute"; whiles those that last less than a month are "persistent"; and those lasting more than a month are "intractable".[1]
People try many things, such as drinking ice cold water or biting on a lemon, to end hiccups; however evidence is lacking regarding effectiveness.[2] Treatment of prolonged cases may involve address the underlying cause.[2] This may involve stopping certain medication or treating reflux with a proton pump inhibitor (PPI).[1] Medication that may help include chlorpromazine, haloperidol, baclofen, and gabapentin.[1] If the above are not effective a number of procedures may be tried.[1]
Most people are affected at some point in time.[2] All ages may be affected.[1] Intractable hiccups occur more commonly in older males.[1] The longest known episode of hiccups was 60 years.[3] The term "singultus" if from the Latin "singult" meaning "to catch one’s breath while sobbing".[1]
References[edit]
- ^ a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o p q r s t Cole, JA; Plewa, MC (January 2022). "Singultus". PMID 30855813.
{{cite journal}}: Cite journal requires|journal=(help) - ^ a b c d e f g h i "Hiccups". nhs.uk. 13 November 2017. Archived from the original on 24 March 2022. Retrieved 26 April 2022.
- ^ a b c "Hiccups, Chronic". NORD (National Organization for Rare Disorders). Archived from the original on 24 March 2022. Retrieved 26 April 2022.
- ^ Goldhirsch, Suzanne (2014). Geriatric Palliative Care. OUP USA. p. 267. ISBN 978-0-19-538931-9. Archived from the original on 2022-04-28. Retrieved 2022-04-26.