User:Mr. Ibrahem/Hypospadias
| Hypospadias | |
|---|---|
| Other names | pronounce = /haɪpoʊˈspeɪdiəs/[1][2] |
 | |
| Different types of hypospadias | |
| Specialty | Urology, medical genetics |
| Symptoms | Urethra opens near the head of the penis, along the shaft of the penis, or near the scrotum[3] |
| Complications | Decreased fertility[4] |
| Usual onset | Present at birth[3] |
| Types | Distal (subcoronal), middle (midshaft), posterior (penoscrotal)[3][4] |
| Causes | Generally unknown[3] |
| Risk factors | Family history, mother > 35, fertility treatments, certain hormones[3][4] |
| Diagnostic method | Examination[3] |
| Differential diagnosis | Disorders of sex development[4] |
| Treatment | Surgery[3] |
| Frequency | 1 in 200 males[3] |
Hypospadias is a birth defect in which the urethra does not open at the tip of the penis.[3] Instead it opens near the head of the penis, along the shaft of the penis, or near the scrotum.[3] There may also be a greater amount of foreskin at the back than front of the penis.[4] Other problems may include a curved penis or undescended testicles.[3] Complications may include decreased fertility.[4]
The cause is generally unknown.[3] Risk factors include a family history, mothers greater than 35 years old when pregnant, fertility treatments, and certain hormones.[3][4] It may also occur as a part of a number of syndromes.[4] Diagnosis is generally by examination at birth.[3] It is divided into three types distal (subcoronal), middle (midshaft), and posterior (penoscrotal).[3][4]
Many cases of hypospadias are treated by surgery.[3] This is generally done when the child is 3 to 18 months old.[3] Those affected should not be circumcised.[3] It affects about 1 in 200 males at birth in the United States and Europe, though may be less common in other parts of the world.[3][4] It is the second-most common birth abnormality of the male reproductive system after undescended testicles.[4]
References[edit]
- ^ Entry "hypospadias" Archived 2020-12-12 at the Wayback Machine in Merriam-Webster Online Dictionary Archived 2017-09-22 at the Wayback Machine.
- ^ OED 2nd edition, 1989 as /hɪpəʊˈspeɪdɪəs/~/haɪpəʊˈspeɪdɪəs/
- ^ a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o p q r s "Facts about Hypospadias | CDC". Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. 4 December 2019. Archived from the original on 10 December 2017. Retrieved 21 January 2021.
- ^ a b c d e f g h i j k Donaire, AE; Mendez, MD (January 2020). "Hypospadias". PMID 29489236.
{{cite journal}}: Cite journal requires|journal=(help)