User:Mr. Ibrahem/Lupus nephritis
| Lupus nephritis | |
|---|---|
| Other names | SLE nephritis[1] |
 | |
| Micrograph of diffuse proliferative lupus nephritis showing increased mesangial matrix and mesangial hypercellularity. Kidney biopsy. PAS stain. | |
| Specialty | Rheumatology, nephrology |
| Symptoms | Foamy urine, swelling of the legs, fever, muscle pains[2] |
| Complications | High blood pressure, kidney failure[2] |
| Usual onset | Young adults[3] |
| Types | Class I to VI[3] |
| Causes | Lupus[2] |
| Risk factors | Genetics[3] |
| Diagnostic method | Suspected based on urine and blood tests, confirmed by a kidney biopsy[2] |
| Differential diagnosis | Other causes of nephrotic syndrome, kidney stones, acute interstitial nephritis[3] |
| Treatment | Prednisone, cyclophosphamide, hydroxychloroquine, blood pressure medications, dialysis[2][3] |
| Frequency | Common in lupus[3] |
Lupus nephritis (LN) is a type of kidney disease due to systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE), an autoimmune disease.[2] Symptoms may include foamy urine, swelling of the legs, fever, and muscle pains.[2] When it occurs, it is generally at least 3 years after the onset of SLE.[3] Complications may include high blood pressure and kidney failure.[2]
Risk factors include certain genetic changes.[3] The underlying mechanism involves a type-III hypersensitivity reaction and the formation of immune complexes.[3] These complexes than build up near the glomerular basement membrane of the kidney and lead to inflammation.[3] Diagnosis may be suspected based on urine and blood tests, and is confirmed by a kidney biopsy.[2]
Treatment depends on the severity of the disease.[3] Medications to suppress the immune system such as prednisone, cyclophosphamide or hydroxychloroquine maybe used.[2] Blood pressure may require management with medications such as ACE inhibitors, diuretics, or beta blockers.[2] Dialysis may eventually bed required.[3]
Up to 50% of adults and 80% of children with lupus are affected.[2] Onset is often in young adults.[3] Males are more commonly affected than females.[2] While lupus was first described in 400 BC by Hippocrates, its effects on the kidneys were first documented in the early 1900s.[3][4]
References[edit]
- ^ Ponticelli, C.; Moroni, G. (2005-01-01). "Renal transplantation in lupus nephritis". Lupus. 14 (1): 95–98. doi:10.1191/0961203305lu2067oa. ISSN 0961-2033. PMID 15732296.
- ^ a b c d e f g h i j k l m "Lupus and Kidney Disease (Lupus Nephritis) | NIDDK". National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases. Archived from the original on 23 January 2021. Retrieved 23 January 2021.
- ^ a b c d e f g h i j k l m n Musa, R; Brent, LH; Qurie, A (January 2020). "Lupus Nephritis". PMID 29762992.
{{cite journal}}: Cite journal requires|journal=(help) - ^ Rose, Noel R.; Mackay, Ian R. (2006). The Autoimmune Diseases. Elsevier. p. 826. ISBN 978-0-08-045474-0. Archived from the original on 2021-08-28. Retrieved 2021-01-23.