User:Mr. Ibrahem/Migraine

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Migraine
Woman with migraine headache
SpecialtyNeurology
SymptomsHeadaches, nausea, sensitivity to light, sensitivity to sound, sensitivity to smell[1][2]
Usual onsetAround puberty[1]
DurationRecurrent, long term[1]
CausesEnvironmental and genetic[3]
Risk factorsFamily history, female[4][5]
Differential diagnosisSubarachnoid hemorrhage, venous thrombosis, idiopathic intracranial hypertension, brain tumor, tension headache, sinusitis,[6] cluster headache[7]
PreventionMetoprolol, valproate, topiramate[8][9]
MedicationIbuprofen, paracetamol (acetaminophen), triptans, ergotamines[5][10]
Frequency~15%[11]

A migraine is a primary headache disorder characterized by recurrent headaches that are moderate to severe.[1] Typically, the headaches affect one half of the head, are pulsating in nature, and last from a few hours to 3 days.[1] Associated symptoms may include nausea, vomiting, and sensitivity to light, sound, or smell.[2] The pain is generally made worse by physical activity.[12] Up to one-third of people affected have an aura: typically a short period of visual disturbance that signals that the headache will soon occur.[12] Occasionally, an aura can occur with little or no headache following it.[13]

Migraines are believed to be due to a mixture of environmental and genetic factors.[3] About two-thirds of cases run in families.[5] Changing hormone levels may also play a role, as migraines affect slightly more boys than girls before puberty and two to three times more women than men.[4][14] The risk of migraines usually decreases during pregnancy and after menopause.[4][15] The underlying mechanisms are not fully known.[15] They are, however, believed to involve the nerves and blood vessels of the brain.[5]

Initial recommended treatment is with simple pain medication such as ibuprofen and paracetamol (acetaminophen) for the headache, medication for the nausea, and the avoidance of triggers.[10] Specific medications such as triptans or ergotamines may be used in those for whom simple pain medications are not effective.[5] Caffeine may be added to the above.[16] A number of medications are useful to prevent attacks including metoprolol, valproate, and topiramate.[8][9]

Globally, approximately 15% of people are affected by migraines.[11] It most often starts at puberty and is worst during middle age.[1] As of 2016, it is one of the most common causes of disability.[17] An early description consistent with migraines is contained in the Ebers papyrus, written around 1500 BC in ancient Egypt.[18] The word migraine is from the Greek ἡμικρανία (hemikrania), 'pain in half of the head',[19] from ἡμι- (hemi-), 'half', and κρανίον (kranion), 'skull'.[20]

References[edit]

  1. ^ a b c d e f "Headache disorders Fact sheet N°277". October 2012. Archived from the original on 16 February 2016. Retrieved 15 February 2016.
  2. ^ a b Simon, Roger P; Aminoff, Michael J; Greenberg, David A (2009). Clinical neurology (7 ed.). New York, N.Y: Lange Medical Books/McGraw-Hill. pp. 85–88. ISBN 9780071664332.
  3. ^ a b Piane M, Lulli P, Farinelli I, Simeoni S, De Filippis S, Patacchioli FR, Martelletti P (December 2007). "Genetics of migraine and pharmacogenomics: some considerations". The Journal of Headache and Pain. 8 (6): 334–9. doi:10.1007/s10194-007-0427-2. PMC 2779399. PMID 18058067.
  4. ^ a b c Lay CL, Broner SW (May 2009). "Migraine in women". Neurologic Clinics. 27 (2): 503–11. doi:10.1016/j.ncl.2009.01.002. PMID 19289228.
  5. ^ a b c d e Bartleson JD, Cutrer FM (May 2010). "Migraine update. Diagnosis and treatment". Minnesota Medicine. 93 (5): 36–41. PMID 20572569.
  6. ^ Olesen, Jes (2006). The Headaches. Lippincott Williams & Wilkins. p. 424. ISBN 9780781754002. Archived from the original on 2017-09-08.
  7. ^ "Cluster Headache". American Migraine Foundation. 2017-02-15. Archived from the original on 2018-05-09. Retrieved 2017-10-23.
  8. ^ a b Armstrong C (April 2013). "AAN/AHS update recommendations for migraine prevention in adults". American Family Physician. 87 (8): 584–5. PMID 23668450.
  9. ^ a b Linde M, Mulleners WM, Chronicle EP, McCrory DC (June 2013). "Valproate (valproic acid or sodium valproate or a combination of the two) for the prophylaxis of episodic migraine in adults". The Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews (6): CD010611. doi:10.1002/14651858.CD010611. PMID 23797677.
  10. ^ a b Gilmore B, Michael M (February 2011). "Treatment of acute migraine headache". American Family Physician. 83 (3): 271–80. PMID 21302868.
  11. ^ a b Vos T, Flaxman AD, Naghavi M, Lozano R, Michaud C, Ezzati M, et al. (December 2012). "Years lived with disability (YLDs) for 1160 sequelae of 289 diseases and injuries 1990-2010: a systematic analysis for the Global Burden of Disease Study 2010". Lancet. 380 (9859): 2163–96. doi:10.1016/S0140-6736(12)61729-2. PMC 6350784. PMID 23245607.
  12. ^ a b Headache Classification Subcommittee of the International Headache Society (2004). "The International Classification of Headache Disorders: 2nd edition". Cephalalgia. 24 (Suppl 1): 9–160. doi:10.1111/j.1468-2982.2004.00653.x. PMID 14979299. as PDF Archived 2010-03-31 at the Wayback Machine
  13. ^ Pryse-Phillips, William (2003). Companion to clinical neurology (2nd ed.). Oxford: Oxford university press. p. 587. ISBN 9780195159387. Archived from the original on 2017-03-13.
  14. ^ Stovner LJ, Zwart JA, Hagen K, Terwindt GM, Pascual J (April 2006). "Epidemiology of headache in Europe". European Journal of Neurology. 13 (4): 333–45. doi:10.1111/j.1468-1331.2006.01184.x. PMID 16643310.
  15. ^ a b "NINDS Migraine Information Page". National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke. November 3, 2015. Archived from the original on 16 February 2016. Retrieved 15 February 2016.
  16. ^ Diener HC, Charles A, Goadsby PJ, Holle D (October 2015). "New therapeutic approaches for the prevention and treatment of migraine". The Lancet. Neurology. 14 (10): 1010–22. doi:10.1016/s1474-4422(15)00198-2. PMID 26376968.
  17. ^ Vos T, Abajobir AA, Abate KH, Abbafati C, Abbas KM, Abd-Allah F, et al. (GBD 2016 Disease and Injury Incidence and Prevalence Collaborators) (September 2017). "Global, regional, and national incidence, prevalence, and years lived with disability for 328 diseases and injuries for 195 countries, 1990-2016: a systematic analysis for the Global Burden of Disease Study 2016". Lancet. 390 (10100): 1211–1259. doi:10.1016/S0140-6736(17)32154-2. PMC 5605509. PMID 28919117.
  18. ^ Miller, Neil (2005). Walsh and Hoyt's clinical neuro-ophthalmology (6 ed.). Philadelphia, Pa.: Lippincott Williams & Wilkins. p. 1275. ISBN 9780781748117. Archived from the original on 2017-03-12.
  19. ^ Liddell, Henry George; Scott, Robert. "ἡμικρανία". A Greek-English Lexicon. Archived from the original on 2013-11-08. on Perseus
  20. ^ Anderson, Kenneth; Anderson, Lois E.; Glanze, Walter D. (1994). Mosby's Medical, Nursing & Allied Health Dictionary (4 ed.). Mosby. p. 998. ISBN 978-0-8151-6111-0.
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