User:Mr. Ibrahem/Organophosphate poisoning

From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
Organophosphate poisoning
Other namesOrganophosphate toxicity, organophosphate overdose, organophosphate intoxication
Phosphoric acid
SpecialtyEmergency medicine
SymptomsIncreased saliva, diarrhea, small pupils, muscle tremors, confusion
Usual onsetWithin 12 hours[1]
CausesOrganophosphates[2]
Diagnostic methodBased on symptoms and confirmed by butyrylcholinesterase[2]
Differential diagnosisCarbamate poisoning[2]
Preventiondecreasing access[2]
MedicationAtropine, oximes, diazepam[2]
FrequencyNearly 3 million per year[3]
Deaths>200,000 per year[2]

Organophosphate poisoning is poisoning due to organophosphates (OPs).[4] Organophosphates are used as insecticides, medications, and nerve agents.[4] Symptoms include increased saliva and tear production, diarrhea, vomiting, small pupils, sweating, muscle tremors, and confusion.[2] While onset of symptoms is often within minutes to hours, some symptoms can take weeks to appear.[5][1] Symptoms can last for days to weeks.[2]

Organophosphate poisoning occurs most commonly as a suicide attempt in farming areas of the developing world and less commonly by accident.[2] Exposure can be from drinking, breathing in the vapors, or skin exposure.[4] The underlying mechanism involves the inhibition of acetylcholinesterase (AChE), leading to the buildup of acetylcholine (ACh) in the body.[2] Diagnosis is typically based on the symptoms and can be confirmed by measuring butyrylcholinesterase activity in the blood.[2] Carbamate poisoning can present similarly.[2]

Prevention efforts include banning very toxic types of organophosphates.[2] Among those who work with pesticides the use of protective clothing and showering before going home is also useful.[6] In those who have organophosphate poisoning the primary treatments are atropine, oximes such as pralidoxime, and diazepam.[2][4] General measures such as oxygen and intravenous fluids are also recommended.[2] Attempts to decontaminate the stomach, with activated charcoal or other means, have not been shown to be useful.[2] While there is a theoretical risk of health care workers taking care of a poisoned person becoming poisoned themselves, the degree of risk appears to be very small.[2]

OPs are one of the most common causes of poisoning worldwide.[2] There are nearly 3 million poisonings per year resulting in two hundred thousand deaths.[2][3] Around 15% of people who are poisoned die as a result.[2] Organophosphate poisoning has been reported at least since 1962.[7]

References[edit]

  1. ^ a b Stoller, James K.; Michota, Franklin A.; Mandell, Brian F. (2009). The Cleveland Clinic Foundation Intensive Review of Internal Medicine. Lippincott Williams & Wilkins. p. 108. ISBN 9780781790796. Archived from the original on 2017-09-10.
  2. ^ a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o p q r s t Eddleston, Michael; Buckley, Nick A; Eyer, Peter; Dawson, Andrew H (February 2008). "Management of acute organophosphorus pesticide poisoning". The Lancet. 371 (9612): 597–607. doi:10.1016/S0140-6736(07)61202-1. PMC 2493390. PMID 17706760.
  3. ^ a b Berg, Sheri; Bittner, Edward A. (2013). The MGH Review of Critical Care Medicine. Lippincott Williams & Wilkins. p. 298. ISBN 9781451173680. Archived from the original on 2017-09-10.
  4. ^ a b c d King, Andrew M.; Aaron, Cynthia K. (February 2015). "Organophosphate and Carbamate Poisoning". Emergency Medicine Clinics of North America. 33 (1): 133–151. doi:10.1016/j.emc.2014.09.010. PMID 25455666.
  5. ^ Peter JV, Sudarsan TI, Moran JL (2014). "Clinical features of organophosphate poisoning: A review of different classification systems and approaches". Indian J Crit Care Med. 18 (11): 735–45. doi:10.4103/0972-5229.144017. PMC 4238091. PMID 25425841.{{cite journal}}: CS1 maint: unflagged free DOI (link)
  6. ^ Quandt, SA; Hernández-Valero, MA; Grzywacz, JG; Hovey, JD; Gonzales, M; Arcury, TA (June 2006). "Workplace, household, and personal predictors of pesticide exposure for farmworkers". Environmental Health Perspectives. 114 (6): 943–52. doi:10.1289/ehp.8529. PMC 1480506. PMID 16759999.
  7. ^ Neurological Practice: An Indian Perspective. Elsevier India. 2005. p. 479. ISBN 9788181475497. Archived from the original on 2017-09-10.
Retrieved from "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=User:Mr._Ibrahem/Organophosphate_poisoning&oldid=1182152659"