User:Mr. Ibrahem/Osteoporosis

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Osteoporosis
Elderly woman with osteoporosis showing a curved back from compression fractures of her back bones.
Pronunciation
SpecialtyRheumatology, orthopedics
SymptomsIncreased risk of a broken bone[3]
ComplicationsChronic pain[3]
Usual onsetOlder age[3]
Risk factorsAlcoholism, anorexia, hyperthyroidism, gastrointestinal diseases, surgical removal of the ovaries, kidney disease, smoking, certain medications[3]
Diagnostic methodBone density scan[4]
TreatmentGood diet, exercise, fall prevention, stopping smoking[3]
MedicationBisphosphonates[5][6]
Frequency15% (50 year olds), 70% (over 80 year olds)[7]

Osteoporosis is a disease in which bone weakening increases the risk of a broken bone.[3] It is the most common reason for a broken bone among the elderly.[3] Bones that commonly break include the vertebrae in the spine, the bones of the forearm, and the hip.[8] Until a broken bone occurs there are typically no symptoms.[3] Bones may weaken to such a degree that a break may occur with minor stress or spontaneously.[3] After a broken bone, Chronic pain and a decreased ability to carry out normal activities may occur.[3]

Osteoporosis occurs when increased amount of bone is broken down by bone breaking cells and not enough made by bone making cells, resulting in loss of bone mass.[9] Bone loss increases after menopause due to lower levels of estrogen.[3] Osteoporosis may also occur due to a number of diseases or treatments, including alcoholism, anorexia, hyperthyroidism, kidney disease, and surgical removal of the ovaries.[3] Certain medications increase the rate of bone loss, including some antiseizure medications, chemotherapy, proton pump inhibitors, selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors, and glucocorticosteroids.[3] Smoking, and too little exercise are also risk factors.[3] Osteoporosis is defined as a bone density of 2.5 standard deviations below that of a young adult.[4] This is typically measured by dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry.[4]

Prevention of osteoporosis includes a proper diet during childhood and efforts to avoid medications that increase the rate of bone loss.[3] Efforts to prevent broken bones in those with osteoporosis include a good diet, exercise, and fall prevention.[3] Lifestyle changes such as stopping smoking and not drinking alcohol may help.[3] Biphosphonate medications are useful to decrease future broken bones in those with previous broken bones due to osteoporosis.[5][6] In those with osteoporosis but no previous broken bones, they are less effective.[5][6][10] They do not appear to affect the risk of death.[11] A number of other medications may also be useful.[3][12]

Osteoporosis becomes more common with age.[3] About 15% of Caucasians in their 50s and 70% of those over 80 are affected.[7] It is more common in women than men.[3] In the developed world, depending on the method of diagnosis, 2% to 8% of males and 9% to 38% of females are affected.[13] Rates of disease in the developing world are unclear.[14] About 22 million women and 5.5 million men in the European Union had osteoporosis in 2010.[15] In the United States in 2010, about eight million women and one to two million men had osteoporosis.[13][16] White and Asian people are at greater risk.[3] The word "osteoporosis" is from the Greek terms for "porous bones".[17]

References[edit]

  1. ^ Jones, Daniel (2003) [1917], Roach, Peter; Hartmann, James; Setter, Jane (eds.), English Pronouncing Dictionary, Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, ISBN 978-3-12-539683-8
  2. ^ "Osteoporosis". Merriam-Webster.com Dictionary.
  3. ^ a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o p q r s t u "Handout on Health: Osteoporosis". NIAMS. August 2014. Archived from the original on 18 May 2015. Retrieved 16 May 2015.
  4. ^ a b c WHO Scientific Group on the Prevention and Management of Osteoporosis (2000 : Geneva, Switzerland) (2003). Prevention and management of osteoporosis : report of a WHO scientific group (PDF). pp. 7, 31. ISBN 978-9241209212. Archived (PDF) from the original on 16 July 2007.{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: numeric names: authors list (link)
  5. ^ a b c Wells GA, Cranney A, Peterson J, Boucher M, Shea B, Robinson V, Coyle D, Tugwell P (January 2008). "Alendronate for the primary and secondary prevention of osteoporotic fractures in postmenopausal women". The Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews (1): CD001155. doi:10.1002/14651858.CD001155.pub2. PMID 18253985.
  6. ^ a b c Wells G, Cranney A, Peterson J, Boucher M, Shea B, Robinson V, Coyle D, Tugwell P (January 2008). "Risedronate for the primary and secondary prevention of osteoporotic fractures in postmenopausal women". The Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews (1): CD004523. doi:10.1002/14651858.CD004523.pub3. PMID 18254053.
  7. ^ a b "Chronic rheumatic conditions". World Health Organization. Archived from the original on 27 April 2015. Retrieved 18 May 2015.
  8. ^ Golob AL, Laya MB (May 2015). "Osteoporosis: screening, prevention, and management". The Medical Clinics of North America. 99 (3): 587–606. doi:10.1016/j.mcna.2015.01.010. PMID 25841602. Archived from the original on 6 August 2020. Retrieved 2 August 2020.
  9. ^ Conway, Richard (2020). "19. Bone disease". In Feather, Adam; Randall, David; Waterhouse, Mona (eds.). Kumar and Clark's Clinical Medicine (10th ed.). Elsevier. pp. 477–482. ISBN 978-0-7020-7870-5. Archived from the original on 12 December 2021. Retrieved 12 December 2021.
  10. ^ Wells GA, Cranney A, Peterson J, Boucher M, Shea B, Robinson V, Coyle D, Tugwell P (January 2008). "Etidronate for the primary and secondary prevention of osteoporotic fractures in postmenopausal women". The Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews (1): CD003376. doi:10.1002/14651858.CD003376.pub3. PMC 6999803. PMID 18254018.
  11. ^ Cummings, SR; Lui, LY; Eastell, R; Allen, IE (19 August 2019). "Association Between Drug Treatments for Patients With Osteoporosis and Overall Mortality Rates: A Meta-analysis". JAMA Internal Medicine. doi:10.1001/jamainternmed.2019.2779. PMC 6704731. PMID 31424486.
  12. ^ Nelson HD, Haney EM, Chou R, Dana T, Fu R, Bougatsos C (2010). "Screening for Osteoporosis: Systematic Review to Update the 2002 U.S. Preventive Services Task Force Recommendation [Internet]". Agency for Healthcare Research and Quality. PMID 20722176.
  13. ^ a b Wade SW, Strader C, Fitzpatrick LA, Anthony MS, O'Malley CD (2014). "Estimating prevalence of osteoporosis: examples from industrialized countries". Archives of Osteoporosis. 9 (1): 182. doi:10.1007/s11657-014-0182-3. PMID 24847682. S2CID 19534928.
  14. ^ Handa R, Ali Kalla A, Maalouf G (August 2008). "Osteoporosis in developing countries". Best Practice & Research. Clinical Rheumatology. 22 (4): 693–708. doi:10.1016/j.berh.2008.04.002. PMID 18783745.
  15. ^ Svedbom A, Hernlund E, Ivergård M, Compston J, Cooper C, Stenmark J, McCloskey EV, Jönsson B, Kanis JA (2013). "Osteoporosis in the European Union: a compendium of country-specific reports". Archives of Osteoporosis. 8 (1–2): 137. doi:10.1007/s11657-013-0137-0. PMC 3880492. PMID 24113838.
  16. ^ Willson T, Nelson SD, Newbold J, Nelson RE, LaFleur J (2015). "The clinical epidemiology of male osteoporosis: a review of the recent literature". Clinical Epidemiology. 7: 65–76. doi:10.2147/CLEP.S40966. PMC 4295898. PMID 25657593.{{cite journal}}: CS1 maint: unflagged free DOI (link)
  17. ^ King, Tekoa L.; Brucker, Mary C. (2011). Pharmacology for women's health. Sudbury, Mass.: Jones and Bartlett Publishers. p. 1004. ISBN 9780763753290. Archived from the original on 8 September 2017.
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