User:Mr. Ibrahem/Visceral leishmaniasis

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Visceral leishmaniasis
Other namesKala-azar;[1] black fever;[2] dum-dum fever[3]
Leishmania donovani
Pronunciation
  • Kala-azar: (UK: /ˌkɑːlə əˈzɑːr/
SymptomsFever, weight loss, enlarged liver and spleen[1]
ComplicationsLow red blood cells, post-kala-azar dermal leishmaniasis[1]
CausesL. donovani, L. infantum[4]
Diagnostic methodBased on symptoms supported by blood tests[1]
PreventionInsect repellant, insect nets[1]
TreatmentLiposomal amphotericin B; sodium stibogluconate and paromomycin[4]
Frequency50,000 to 90,000 per year[1]
Deaths6,000 (2019)[5]

Visceral leishmaniasis (VL), also known as kala-azar, is the most severe form of leishmaniasis.[1] Symptoms may include fever, weight loss, low red blood cells, and an enlarged liver and spleen.[1] Complications may include post-kala-azar dermal leishmaniasis.[1]

It is caused by parasites of the Leishmania type, specifically L. donovani in Asia and Africa and L. infantum in South America and the Middle East.[2][4] It is spread by certain types of sandflies.[1] Risk factors for severe disease include HIV.[6] Diagnosis is based on symptoms and supported by blood tests.[1]

Efforts to prevent the disease include eliminating or avoiding sandflies.[1] Treatment is often with liposomal amphotericin B; however, in African sodium stibogluconate and paromomycin work better, though have greater side effects.[4] Miltefosine may also be used.[4] Without treatment, death typically occurs.[1]

Visceral leishmaniasis most commonly occurs in India, east Africa, and Brazil.[1] Often cases occur as outbreaks, newly affecting about 50,000 to 90,000 people a year.[1] In 2019 it resulted in about 6,000 deaths.[5] Effective treatment become available in 1922 when Upendranath Brahmachari made urea stibamine.[7]

References[edit]

  1. ^ a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o "Leishmaniasis". www.who.int. Archived from the original on 26 July 2019. Retrieved 16 July 2023.
  2. ^ a b Burza, S; Croft, SL; Boelaert, M (15 September 2018). "Leishmaniasis". Lancet (London, England). 392 (10151): 951–970. doi:10.1016/S0140-6736(18)31204-2. PMID 30126638.
  3. ^ Nazzaro, Gianluca; Rovaris, Marco; Veraldi, Stefano (1 November 2014). "Leishmaniasis: A Disease With Many Names". JAMA Dermatology. 150 (11): 1204. doi:10.1001/jamadermatol.2014.1015.
  4. ^ a b c d e van Griensven, J; Diro, E (March 2019). "Visceral Leishmaniasis: Recent Advances in Diagnostics and Treatment Regimens". Infectious disease clinics of North America. 33 (1): 79–99. doi:10.1016/j.idc.2018.10.005. PMID 30712769.
  5. ^ a b "Visceral leishmaniasis — Level 4 cause". Institute for Health Metrics and Evaluation. 15 October 2020. Archived from the original on 18 July 2023. Retrieved 16 July 2023.
  6. ^ "WHO guideline for the treatment of visceral leishmaniasis in HIV co-infected patients in East Africa and South-East Asia". www.who.int. Archived from the original on 11 May 2023. Retrieved 16 July 2023.
  7. ^ Saha, P; Chaudhury, A; Maji, AK (July 2021). "Sir U.N. Brahmachari and his battle against Kala-Azar". Tropical Parasitology. 11 (2): 89–91. doi:10.4103/tp.tp_48_21 (inactive 2023-07-05). PMC 8579769. PMID 34765528.{{cite journal}}: CS1 maint: DOI inactive as of July 2023 (link) CS1 maint: unflagged free DOI (link)
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