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Spatial Inequality

The field of economic development has been extensively expanded upon in the past 30 years, with economists seeking to decipher the relationship between poverty and economic growth, whilst gaining insight into why certain economies prosper and others dwindle at differing rates. The spatial dimension of such development is key to answering these questions, with a decent amount of academic research devoted to spatial inequality and economic geography.

However, the Wikipedia article does not reflect the scope of academic literature currently available. Furthermore, The article currently does not have any concrete real-world examples of spatial inequality, and does not reference any specific nations or geographical regions to illustrate the issue at hand.

I would like to expand on this article by adding some essential sections that will connect to economic development, urbanization, rural development, etc.

A tentative (and ambitious) outline of possible sections to add:

1. Determinants
   • Natural Resources and Geographical Features
   • Urbanization and Economies of Agglomeration
   • Regional Infrastructure
   • Investment Choices, Trade, and Migration
2. Forms
   • Labor and Income Inequalities
   • Social, Racial, and Ethnic Inequalities
   • Access to Healthcare and Education
3. Measurement
   • Output and Productivity
   • Social Indicators
   • Empirical Challenges
4. See Also
   • Related Concepts
   • Further Reading

Some academic sources which might be useful for this:

1. Kanbur, & Venables, A. (2005). Spatial inequality and development / edited by Ravi Kanbur and Anthony J. Venables. Oxford University Press.
2. Lobao, Hooks, G., & Tickamyer, A. R. (2007). The sociology of spatial inequality / edited by Linda M. Lobao, Gregory Hooks, Ann R. Tickamyer. State University of New York Press.
3. Israel, & Frenkel, A. (2018). Social justice and spatial inequality: Toward a conceptual framework. Progress in Human Geography, 42(5), 647–665. https://doi.org/10.1177/0309132517702969
4. Boulant, Brezzi, M., & Veneri, P. (2016). Income Levels And Inequality in Metropolitan Areas A Comparative Approach in OECD Countries / Justine Boulant, Monica Brezzi and Paolo Veneri. In Income Levels And Inequality in Metropolitan Areas A Comparative Approach in OECD Countries. OECD Publishing.
5. Spatial inequalities: across states or between rural and urban areas? (2017). In OECD Economic Surveys: India 2017 (pp. 141–142). OECD Publishing. https://doi.org/10.1787/eco_surveys-ind-2017-8-en
6. Ahimah-Agyakwah, Nketiah-Amponsah, E., & Agyire-Tettey, F. (2022). Urbanization and poverty in Sub-Saharan Africa: evidence from dynamic panel data analysis of selected urbanizing countries. Cogent Economics & Finance, 10(1). https://doi.org/10.1080/23322039.2022.2109282
7. Lall, & Chakravorty, S. (2005). Industrial Location and Spatial Inequality: Theory and Evidence from India. Review of Development Economics, 9(1), 47–68. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1467-9361.2005.00263.x
8. Sun, Hu, X., & Xie, J. (2021). Spatial inequalities of COVID-19 mortality rate in relation to socioeconomic and environmental factors across England. The Science of the Total Environment, 758, 143595–. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.scitotenv.2020.143595
9. Banerjee, Abhijit V., and Esther Duflo. Poor Economics: Rethinking Poverty and the Ways to End It. India: Random House India, 2013
10. Krugman, P. (1991). Increasing Returns and Economic Geography. In The Journal of Political Economy, Vol. 99, No. 3, pp. 483–499.
11. Romero, J., & Schwartzman, F. (2018). Inequality in and across Cities. No. 18-10. Federal Reserve Bank of Richmond Economic Brief.