User:Oceanflynn/sandbox/Selected Bibliography Piikani Nation

Bibliography Piikani Nation is a selection of references related to the Piikani Nation organized through a selected timeline of social history events in reversed chronological order.

Selected timeline

June 14, 2016 Chief and Council expanded RCMP powers in an effort to reduce crime and violence in Brocket. "Motion 14 stipulates that no group of three or more people can be in a public place where a peace officer has reasonable grounds to believe the group will disturb the peace of the neighbourhood. Any situation to that effect will result in the group dispersing as requested by the peace officer. In addition to Motion 14, non-residents of the trailer court will not be permitted in the trailer court after 11 p.m. Motion 15 allows the RCMP to search for, remove or detain persons of interest in any location, be it a residence, public building or other dwelling. Motion 16 imposes a 60-day nighttime curfew — between the hours of 11 p.m. and 6 a.m. — for anybody under the age of 18."

April 11, 2016 - Elder Mark Strikes With A Gun at the Indigenous Youth Small Business Initiative Day hosted by SWAG Consultants for Aboriginal Youth Small Business.

January, 2015 Chief Stanley Charles Grier - who worked in law enforcement for many decades - was inaugurated as Chief of the Piikani Nation through a general election for a four year term. "Chief Grier was elected with 260 votes, just 37 more than runner-up Jordan No Chief. It was Grier's third run for the top leadership in the First Nation." "He will also be looking into the financial standing of Piikani Nation and the 2002 settlement agreement that established a $64.3 million trust. Over the years $14 million was loaned out to various Piikani Business Entities, but the investment entity designed to lend money went bankrupt. A proposal was established to bring the Piikani Investment Corporation into good financial standing last year." Elected council members included "Barnaby ‘Barney’ Provost. Provost grew up on the reserve, earned his teaching degree at university and returned to be an educator in Brocket." Chief Stanley Charles Grier, Councillor Ferlin Crow Shoe, Councillor Brian Jackson, Councillor Keith Grier, Councillor Doane Crow Shoe, Councillor Barnaby Provost, Councillor Troy Knowlton, Councillor Fabian North Peigan, Councillor Lowell Yellow Horn.

September 19, 2013 Strikes With A Gun applied to the Federal Court to stop the Appeals Board hearing. On September 19, 2013. Community members: Carol Little Moustache,

January 30, 2013 "A Blackfoot Nations Removals Appeal Board composed of 4 members was appointed on January 30, 2013. According to Piikani Nations Communications Officer Paula Smith that board was composed of 1 member from each Blackfoot Confederacy tribe, selected by the Piikani Nation CAO."

December 2013 The principles of Piikanissini were invoked once again when on December 13, 2013 Gayle Strikes with A Gun was removed as chief by the Piikani Nation Removal Appeals Board because she "failed to maintain a standard of conduct expected of a member of the Piikani Nation Council, as set out in the Election Bylaws and in keeping with the principles of Piikanissini." Piikani Nation

2013 Chief Strikes with a Gun's brother and uncle in 2013 owned a GasBar on Piikani reserve? confirm

October 1, 2012 "A small rally was held in Brocket on Sunday, September 30 in support of suspended Piikani Chief Gayle Strikes With A Gun." "A teepee is also in place at that site, and Piikani Member Dominic Crow Shoe has been living in it since Friday, September 21, vowing to stay until a petition for the removal of all 12 Piikani Council members gets 701 signatures." "Those supporting the Chief are asking for the current council to be dissolved and an election to be held." Protestors called for customary election law not ... Lorna Born with a Tooth, "Suspension is illegal."

On September 27, 2012 "Justice Macleod of the Court of Queen's Bench of Alberta granted a mandatory injunction prohibiting the Respondent from attending at the Piikani Government premises for the duration of her suspension, ending October 5, 2012." There was no consultation with Peigan.

November 2012 "In 2012, the Band's investment company, Piikani Investment Corporation, was restructured in the bankruptcy courts. The alleged mismanagement became part of a RCMP investigation in 2013." Piikani Nation

September 5, 2012 Press release

August 23,2012 Bridget Kenna, CFo and Acting CEO called a meeting with Gayle Strikes with a Gun, the Health Director and Pam Wolf Tail, Pam Wolf Tail's husband to discuss Peigan Taxi."

July 2012 "Minister of Aboriginal Affairs and Northern Development John Duncan was named an honorary honorary member of the Piikani Chieftainship by the Piikani Nation during an elaborate ceremony held at the new Piikani Nation arbour on Wednesday afternoon, July 11. Minister Duncan was given a full eagle feather ceremonial head-dress and a Blackfoot name, "White Buffalo"...Piikani Councillor Fabian North Peigan acted as MC for the event... Blackfoot Elders, Macleod MP and Federal Finance Minister Ted Menzies, Alberta Minister of Aboriginal Affairs Robin Campbell, Treaty 7 Grand Chief Charles Weaselhead, Regional Chief George Stanley, the present Piikani Council, former Piikani Chief Leonard Bastien, and Alexander First Nations representative George Marcand." Gayle Strikes With A Gun

January 5, 2011 On January 5, 2011, the first woman was elected a Chief for the Piikani Nation. Gayle Strikes With A Gun served until was elected Chief January 5, 2011, the first woman to hold that office for the Piikani Nation.

2011 "Health Canada did not renew the contract with Peigan Taxi for medical transportation. Health Canada and "began providing the Piikani Nation Health Department with a fixed amount for medical transportation that was less than the amount Peigan Taxi had previously received directly from Health Canada. The Piikani Nation and Peigan Taxi attempted to negotiate a contract for these services although a formal contract was never entered into."

2009 Merrell-Ann S. Phare's book entitled Denying the Source: The Crisis of First Nations Water Rights was published.

"Over the last 30 years, the courts have clarified that First Nations have numerous rights to land and resources, including the right to be involved in decision-making. This book is a call to respect the water rights of First Nations, and through this create a new water ethic in Canada and beyond."

2010 The Band later took out loans against the trust to invest in industrial developments, and were then sued by an angry band member alleging mismanagement. The Band then filed suit against a Calgary-based investment broker for defrauding it of $23 million from the settlement. Piikani Nation

2008 Honourable Mr. Justice Michael L. Phelan ruled in the Jackson v. Piikani Nation Election Appeals Board case between applicants Brian Jackson, Daniel Northman, Rod North Peigan and Janet Potts and REBECCA YELLOW WINGS, in her Capacity as Chief Electoral Officer of the PIIKANI NATION, and the PIIKANI NATION NO. 436 as respondants. "A court case in 2008 also allowed for the principles of Piikanissini to be invoked to prevent a candidate from running from office, rather than to remove them once in office. The court found that the elders of the community functioned like a senate, and that they were the proper body to advise the Piikani Nation Election Removals Board and the Chief Electoral Officer. The court ruled that the Election Code did not include such powers for the elders as written, however, and so it gave the band six months to clarify the code. "There is no evidence that the Applicants truly lost an opportunity to sit as councillors. In a small band, 600 people petitioned for the removal of the then-Band council (of which the Applicants were members) and to have an election. None of the incumbents who ran in the election were successful. The Applicants seem to have simply lost an opportunity to lose."

2008 A court case in 2008 also allowed for the principles of Piikanissini to be invoked to prevent a candidate from running from office, rather than to remove them once in office. The court found that the elders of the community functioned like a senate, and that they were the proper body to advise the Piikani Nation Election Removals Board and the Chief Electoral Officer. The court ruled that the Election Code did not include such powers for the elders as written, however, and so it gave the band six months to clarify the code. Piikani Nation

January 4, 2007 Piikani Nation Band council election "This is a dispute concerning the nomination process for an Indian band election. The Applicants, Brian Jackson, Daniel Northman, Rod North Peigan and Janet Potts challenge both the decision of Rebecca Yellow Wings, the Band’s Chief Electoral Officer (CEO) and that of the Piikani Nation Election Appeals Board (Board), both of which concluded that the Applicants were ineligible to stand for election as Band councillors in the Piikani Nation Band council election of January 4, 2007. This dispute was part of an internal conflict concerning Band affairs. The two judicial review applications were heard together."

December 2006 "The Applicant Peigan was nominated for the position of Chief and the other Applicants were nominated to run as councillors. An unofficial list of nominees which included the Applicants was publicly posted in early December 2006....Shortly after the posting of the list, Yellow Wings received two letters on the stationery of the Elders of the Piikani Nation. The first letter referred to the “disgraceful and shameful conduct” [oncerned the mishandling of Piikani Nation funds] of the then-Chief and of the four Applicants. The second letter added another councillor, Peter Yellow Horn, to the same allegations."

"On December 22, 2006, "six of the eleven then-councillors (the four Applicants, the Chief and Peter Yellow Horn) attempted what can only be described as an end-run around the planned election. At their self-styled “emergency meeting” of Council, they passed a resolution to remove the [Rebecca Yellow Wings, the Band’s Chief Electoral Officer (CEO)], her deputy and other assistants, move the planned January 4 election to February 8 and set up a new nomination date."

2002 Piikani Investment Corporation (PIC) was formed to administer a portion of a $64.3 million Settlement Agreement held by Piikani Trust for Piikani water rights and land that were affected when the Oldman River Dam was built." PIC was insolvent by 2014 and the RCMP were called into investigate suggested improprieties in 2013.

2002 The Governments of Alberta and Canada settled the long-standing water rights dispute over the Oldman River.

2002 In 2002 the voters of Piikani Nation approved a C$64.3 million settlement with the governments of Alberta and Canada over Piikani water rights impacted by the Lethbridge Northern Irrigation Headworks (LNIH) on the Oldman River. The monies were deposited in the Piikani Trust governed by the Piikani Trust Agreement. The agreement also allowed the Nation to acquire 10,300 acres (4,200 ha) of new reserve land.

2002 "The band is governed by a council comprising a chief and twelve councilors elected according to custom rather than the provisions of the Indian Act. To this end, in 2002, the Piikani Nation implemented the Piikani Nation Election By-law and Regulations (collectively referred to as the "Election Code"). This code includes a reference in its preamble to Piikanissini, the traditional teachings of the Piikani, and allows for councilors to be dismissed if they are found to be in violation of the tenets of Piikanissini." Piikani Nation

2002 " The Piikani Nation is an Indian band in Alberta which elects its Chief and Band council according to its custom rather than according to the provisions of the Indian Act. To this end, in 2002, the Piikani Nation implemented the Piikani Nation Election By-law and Regulations (collectively referred to as the “Election Code”)."

2000 "For the last Reggie Crowshoe [2000s?], I worked with the Old Man River Cultural Centre, researching our traditional ways, gathering stories, attending and taking part in many ceremonies. I also went out to the museums in Edmonton and Calgary to listen to tapes from way back, records of Elders that talked about our culture and our practices. And my job was to collect the data from all these different museums and elders. And we found that all these sources had four important aspects: they all had their own venue, action, language and song. So those are the most important things we see in our culture. To make things legitimate, you have to have those four aspects in a transferred rite.

1997 "Piikani Nation Secondary School opens for all grades. It is operated by local Indian band"

1993 Pam Wolf Tail operated Peigan Taxi, on the Piikani Nation Reservation - a medical transportation business until c.2011. (Family relations: Pam Wolf Tail, Gayle Strikes with a Gun, Celeste Strikes with a Gun, Peter Strikes with a Gun)

In 1993 the Lonefighters "established a cultural organization in Calgary that sometimes competed for funds with the Oldman River Cultural Centre on the Peigan Reserve" according to Reggie Crowshoe in August 20, 1993.

1992 In Friends of the Oldman River Society v. Canada (Minister of Transport), La Forest J of the Supreme Court of Canada considered what the proper scope of federal jurisdiction with respect to environmental matters, and declared:

1991 Joe Crowshoe became a Member of the Order of Canada in 1991. "Joe and Josephine Crowshoe are the last surviving ceremonial Elders of the Peigan Nation....Against this, he preserved the sun dance and later, got an important sun dance bundle back from a museum. Mr. Crowshoe was instrumental in ensuring that Head-Smashed-In-Buffalo-Jump would be developed into an interpretive centre, which was deemed a UNESCO World Heritage Site. Mr. Crowshoe edited the Blackfoot Dictionary that was published through the University of Lethbridge. He served as an advisor to several archeological expeditions, cultural events and museums. He was a spiritual guide to the Bowden and Drumheller provincial correctional institutions, and a member of the Elders Advisory of Sun Dance in Little Eagle, South Dakota. He is the last remaining Lifetime Councillor for the Peigan Nation. Mr. Crowshoe has also received an Alberta Achievement Award, a Citation of Citizenship, an Honorary Doctorate of Humanities from the University of Montana, an Honorary Doctorate of Law from the University of Calgary."

August 1990 A group of Peigan - known as the Lonefighter Society - frustrated with the lengthy legal process on Peigan water rights - asserted jurisdiction over water on the Peigan reserve. In August 1990 they diverted the "flow of water around the irrigation weir" aimed at thwarting the filling of the dam upstream by cutting off the Lethbridge Northern Irrigation Headworks water system - The Lethbridge Northern Irrigation District Headworks. A federal by-law enacted in 1984 gave bands the "right to construct water projects on reserve lands."

late 1980s The Old Man River, in present-day Alberta has been impacted by the water storage dam since the late 1980s.

"In the mid-1980s, the local Piikani band assumed control of the former day school and, in 1997, these facilities were expanded into the all-grade Piikani Nation Secondary School."

1986 Education has been controlled by the band since 1986 when a high school was built on the reserve. This is managed by the Peigan Board of Education, a non-profit society registered under the Societies Act of Alberta, comprising six trustees elected at large by the band's membership and one appointed by the band council. Scholarships and bursaries are provided by the Piikani Youth & Education Foundation with monies from the Piikani Trust Agreement (see below). Piikani Nation

1964 "This school continued until 1964 when Piikani children were transferred to the new elementary public school in Brocket."

In 1946, "fire destroyed the barn and stables with the loss of several animals and equipment. Farming was soon phased out and the land was returned to the Piikani for their use."

1927 St. Cyprian School Anglican residential school opened on the Peigan Reserve, Brocket, AB opened. Students included Dr. Reg Crowshoe,

"For white man’s knowledge I was brought to the St. Cypriot Anglican Residential School on the Peigan Reserve when I was young. But before I went to school, I spoke my language, and I believed in my grandmothers’ and grandfathers’ ways. When I went to residential school, I was totally lost, because the system did not reflect my belief system in any way. But I have to admit that I got an education through the residential schools. I learned how to read and write, and that’s still helping me today."

— Dr. Reg Crowshoe

1911 In 1911, with "the entire Eastern Slopes of the Rocky Mountains was set aside by the federal Department of the Interior for “the protection of watersheds, and for the maintenance of conditions favourable to a continuous water supply”

"Settlement in the Oldman watershed began with ranching, taking advantage of an emerging local (and later national and international) market for beef following the demise of bison populations. This economic endeavor closely matched natural patterns, but was inhibited by the inability of cattle to successfully overwinter without supplemental feeding. Ranching also did not provide the settlement density desired by the federal government. Settlement policies, programs and inducements by the federal government (and supported by the CPR who had a vested interest in seeing the prairies populated) lead to a massive movement of people to the watershed to capitalize on free (or cheap) land. Many settlers survived and thrived despite exaggerated advertising claims by land agents, the uneconomic scale of 160 acre parcels and often insufficient and incorrect farming advice, added to a landscape of extremes mostly related to a scarcity of water. To some early settlers confronted by a lack of water the response was to move to where water was more plentiful. To others the solution was to move water to them. Small scale water diversions, on an individual basis lead to larger irrigation initiatives at a community level, to the formation of land development businesses. With economic downturns governments intervened and invested in irrigation infrastructure. The next step has been the evolution of the present system of Irrigation Districts mandated by provincial legislation, partially supported by government investment and operated as farmer owned cooperatives. Irrigation agriculture has high investment costs, some borne by individual landowners, some by the provincial taxpayer; has higher returns with enhanced crop production; allows the cultivation of specialty crops with higher value; and supports an agricultural industry of specialty equipment, services and food processing. All agricultural endeavors depend on water; irrigation agriculture by virtue of crop choices and investment is dependent on reliable, continuous water supplies."

— Finch

1902 Piikani Elder Joe Crowshoe was born. He was a Bundle Keeper from the Peigan reserve. According to his son, Dr. Reg Crowshoe, Joe Crowshoe "held onto the Short Thunder Medicine Pipe Bundle, and he ran the Sun Dances, and was instrumental in bringing back the Brave Dog Society, and the Chickadee Society. I think without his teachings, we would have lost a lot of our culture. I’m happy to be exposed to his teachings. We lost the old man a few years ago. He was about a hundred. He said he was born in 1902, but he wasn’t baptized until 1909. in 1902, but he wasn’t baptized until 1909."

mid-1890s On the Peigan Reserve, the Grey Nuns taught at the Sacred Heart Residential School, which opened in the mid-1890s.

1888 The Diocese of Calgary, created in 1888, later became closely involved in pastoral work and education of Indian children on these reserves.

September 22, 1877 Treaty 7 The Peigan Reserve No. 147 (Piikani Nation), situated along the Oldman River in southwest Alberta, was established following the signing of Treaty 7 on September 22, 1877.

1870 220 Peigans were massacred by the US Army in 1870. American authorities pressured the Blackfoot to give up more and more lands to white settlers (17,000,000 acres (6,900,000 ha) were ceded in 1887), leading some Peigans to relocate to Canada and sign Treaty 7 with the Canadian government in 1877.

1870s The Piikani Nation traditional lands spanned part of what is the United States and Canada.

1861 Starvation. Newcomers came into traditional lands on the the Mullan Road "along the old trail between Fort Benton and Fort Walla Walla."

1855 Lame Bull Treaty A Fort Benton-based agent was assigned by "to distribute annuities promised by the treaty. The annuities were not always sent, and after years of trade in buffalo robes, this mainstay was less predictable."

-1855 Prior to the signing of the Lame Bull Treaty Blackfoot traded in buffalo robes for many years.

1800s North West Mounted Police entered the watershed, to end the depredations of the fur industry and to exercise some sovereignty in western Canada to counter the territorial imperatives of the American government."

1844 The federal government made its intentions clear regarding federal policy on the importance of water for settlement and economic development on the prairies and the need for comprehensive inventories of water resources.

1792-3 Over the fall and winter of 1792-3 Blackfoot guides introduced Peter Fidler to Willow Creek and the upper Oldman River. His writings about the area are the earliest written reference to the Oldman.

1750 The Cree who had become intermediaries for the Hudson's Bay Company trade - acquired horses and began pursuing buffalo on the Plains, the preserve of the Niitsi-tapi. By the early 1800s there was conflict between the Cree and the Blackfoot which contributed to the impoverishment of both Nations.

1670 The British Government ceded Rupert's Land - the entire Hudson's Bay drainage, including what is now southern Alberta - to the Hudson's Bay Company. The lucrative fur trade enriched the HBC.

11,000 years ago Biologist Lorne P. Finch published an essay describing the Oldman watershed. "Archeologists inform us that 11,000 years ago on the banks of the Oldman River, near present day Taber, a primitive hunter butchered a buffalo. Buffalo became the mainstay of native peoples, hunted with vertical “jumps”, pounds and later from horseback. Some recent evidence suggests buffalo formed the first prairie economy, with pemmican produced and subsequently traded over a large portion of the continent. It is from these first peoples that the name Oldman comes to us. The Old Man, an English translation of the Blackfoot name “Napi”, was a wise, mythical Indian character possessed of supernatural attributes. His playground and the root of many of his myths and stories were centered in the headwaters of this watershed."

Time immemorial The Old Man River, in present-day Alberta, "has from time immemorial been the sacred center of the Aputosi Pii'kani people's homelands."