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Preimplantation factor
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Preimplantation factor

Preimplantation factor or simply PIF is...

Discovery

Preimplantation factor was discovered by bioassay in 19...

Preimplantation factor is involved in pregnancy

Structure

Preimplantation factor is a short polypeptide ...

Function

There are many functions of preimplantation factor...

Immunomodulation

Preimplantation factor is involved in immunomodulation at the feto-maternal interface.

Viability of Pregnancy

Preimplantation factor is found in trophoblast cells and is involved in placentation and pregnanc viability.

Apoptosis

Preimplantation is a downstream regulator of the p53 apoptosis pathway...

References

1. Roussev, R. G., Coulam, C. B., Kaider, B. D., Yarkoni, M., Leavis, P. C., & Barnea, E. R. (1996). Preimplantation embryology: Embryonic origin of preimplantation factor (PIF): biological activity and partial characterization. MHR: Basic science of reproductive medicine, 2(11), 883-887.

This study, published in 1996 was one of the first to characterise the expression and structure of PIF and would be particularly useful in writing the “structure” and “expression” sections. Finally, given it was one of the pioneering studies, it provides valuable historical information for the “discovery” section. The study shows that PIF is expressed first in the morula stage that is at about 8-16 cells and is highly upregulated in the blastocyst stage (128 cells) prior to the point in time where the embryo implants in the mother’s uterine wall.

2. Duzyj, C. M., Barnea, E. R., Li, M., Huang, S. J., Krikun, G., & Paidas, M. J. (2010). Preimplantation factor promotes first trimester trophoblast invasion. American Journal of Obstetrics and Gynecology, 203(4), 402-e1.

This particular journal article, published in the American Journal of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, characterises the uterine wall invasion of the embryo (a crucial event in pregnancy called placentation). In particular, it characterises PIF’s role in the outer group of stem cells in early embryos called trophoblasts; these cells eventually become the placenta. It shows that pre-implantation factor contributes to the embryo’s determination of the depth of invasion and therefore contributes to a viable placentation process and pregnancy. It is relevant for my article in the “functions” section.

3. Barnea, E. R., Kirk, D., Ramu, S., Rivnay, B., Roussev, R., & Paidas, M. J. (2012). PreImplantation Factor (PIF) orchestrates systemic antiinflammatory response by immune cells: effect on peripheral blood mononuclear cells. American journal of obstetrics and gynecology, 207(4), 313-e1.

This article, also published in the American Journal of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, discusses immune system functions modulated by PIF. First, it shows that PIF suppresses the inflammatory response triggered by immune cells. It relates this to the viability of pregnancy: a viable pregnancy requires that the maternal immune system tolerate the embryo (which it treats like a non-self graft). The study shows that PIF is influential in this modulation and could prevent miscarriage. This information would be useful in the “function” and “clinical relevance” sections of my article.

4. Moindjie, H., Dos Santos, E., Gouesse, R. J., Swierkowski-Blanchard, N., Serazin, V., Barnea, E. R., ... & Dieudonné, M. N. (2016). Preimplantation factor is an anti-apoptotic effector in human trophoblasts involving p53 signaling pathway. Cell death & disease, 7(12), e2504.

This article, published in the preeminent scientific journal Nature, discusses the role of PIF in a process called apoptosis. Apoptosis is the controlled death of old, damaged or unnecessary cells. A signal on the p53 receptor triggers apoptosis. This article shows how PIF works by inhibiting the p53 pathway; in other words preventing the cell from receiving a signal to die. Hence, the article proposes that PIF is important to making sure that the cells destined to become placenta do not die. This would be discussed at length in the proposed “functions” sub-section.

5. Müller, M., Schoeberlein, A., Zhou, J., Joerger-Messerli, M., Oppliger, B., Reinhart, U., & Paidas, M. (2015). PreImplantation Factor bolsters neuroprotection via modulating Protein Kinase A and Protein Kinase C signaling. Cell death and differentiation, 22(12), 2078.

This study, also published in Nature, shows that a synthetic analogue of PIF is able to protect growing neural cells by effecting systems that drive protein changes. The study argues that this reduces the burden of prematurity and also may be clinical useful. This article could be used in the “function” and “clinical relevance” sections of my article.