User:Panacotta101/sandbox

This is a user sandbox of Panacotta101. You can use it for testing or practicing edits.
This is not the sandbox where you should draft your assigned article for a dashboard.wikiedu.org course.
To find the right sandbox for your assignment, visit your Dashboard course page and follow the Sandbox Draft link for your assigned article in the My Articles section.

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Evaluate an article 1

This is where you will complete your article evaluation. Please use the template below to evaluate your selected article.

Name of article: Information privacy
Briefly describe why you have chosen this article to evaluate: This is a basic topic to explore about privacy.

Lead

Guiding questions

Does the Lead include an introductory sentence that concisely and clearly describes the article's topic?
Does the Lead include a brief description of the article's major sections?
Does the Lead include information that is not present in the article?
Is the Lead concise or is it overly detailed?

Lead evaluation

The Lead includes an introductory sentence that describes the article's topic in the first sentence. It does not describe article's each sections. The information in the last sentence about how data privacy is addressed is not discussed in the article. But still it is a concise Lead.

Content

Guiding questions

Is the article's content relevant to the topic?
Is the content up-to-date?
Is there content that is missing or content that does not belong?
Does the article deal with one of Wikipedia's equity gaps? Does it address topics related to historically underrepresented populations or topics?

Content evaluation

Most article's content is relevant to the topic. It is up-to-date because it includes sources from 2019 and was just edit recently. Issues related to privacy is not included expect the example of United States Safe Harbor program. There are not enough discussions on protection of privacy information. It does not deal with equity gap and does not address topics related to historically underrepresented populations or topics.

Tone and Balance

Guiding questions

Is the article neutral?
Are there any claims that appear heavily biased toward a particular position?
Are there viewpoints that are overrepresented, or underrepresented?
Does the article attempt to persuade the reader in favor of one position or away from another?

Tone and balance evaluation

The article is relatively neutral. It does not include claims that appear heavily biased toward a particular position. It describes mostly facts. There are not enough viewpoints on how Asia countries deal with privacy issues.

Sources and References

Guiding questions

Are all facts in the article backed up by a reliable secondary source of information?
Are the sources thorough - i.e. Do they reflect the available literature on the topic?
Are the sources current?
Are the sources written by a diverse spectrum of authors? Do they include historically marginalized individuals where possible?
Check a few links. Do they work?

Sources and references evaluation

Most facts are supported by reliable sources. Most sources are current, from last ten years. For the links I checked on, they worked.

Organization

Guiding questions

Is the article well-written - i.e. Is it concise, clear, and easy to read?
Does the article have any grammatical or spelling errors?
Is the article well-organized - i.e. broken down into sections that reflect the major points of the topic?

Organization evaluation

The article is well-written. It is concise. It does not contain any grammatical or spelling errors. For the section on "United States Safe Harbor program and passenger name record issues", it should be listed out as a separate section. More information should be supplemented to make into a complete section on issues related with privacy.

Images and Media

Guiding questions

Does the article include images that enhance understanding of the topic?
Are images well-captioned?
Do all images adhere to Wikipedia's copyright regulations?
Are the images laid out in a visually appealing way?

Images and media evaluation

The article does not include any images.

Checking the talk page

Guiding questions

What kinds of conversations, if any, are going on behind the scenes about how to represent this topic?
How is the article rated? Is it a part of any WikiProjects?
How does the way Wikipedia discusses this topic differ from the way we've talked about it in class?

Talk page evaluation

The conversation included is about changing name of the word from information privacy to informational privacy. There are also discussions on what should or should not be included. The article is rated as C. It is in WikiProjects Computing, WikiProjects Internet, and WikiProject Mass surveillance. The discussion is relatively similar to how to talk about it in class.

Overall impressions

Guiding questions

What is the article's overall status?
What are the article's strengths?
How can the article be improved?
How would you assess the article's completeness - i.e. Is the article well-developed? Is it underdeveloped or poorly developed?

Overall evaluation

The overall status of the article is medium. The strength is that it includes different types of information that is related with privacy information. This forms a good basis for future discussions. The improvement is that it can include more privacy related issues. I would consider this article as relatively complete.

Optional activity

Choose at least 1 question relevant to the article you're evaluating and leave your evaluation on the article's Talk page. Be sure to sign your feedback

with four tildes — ~~~~

Link to feedback:

Evaluate an article 2

This is where you will complete your article evaluation. Please use the template below to evaluate your selected article.

Name of article: Internet privacy
Briefly describe why you have chosen this article to evaluate: Internet is what people rely on a lot. How technology affects privacy is what I wish to know more about.

Lead

Guiding questions

Does the Lead include an introductory sentence that concisely and clearly describes the article's topic?
Does the Lead include a brief description of the article's major sections?
Does the Lead include information that is not present in the article?
Is the Lead concise or is it overly detailed?

Lead evaluation

The Lead gives an introduction in the first sentence. It does not explicitly describe the major sections of the article. The Lead discusses the differences between PPI and non-PPI, but this is not continued in the main section. The Lead is a bit overly detailed, includes too much information.

Content

Guiding questions

Is the article's content relevant to the topic?
Is the content up-to-date?
Is there content that is missing or content that does not belong?
Does the article deal with one of Wikipedia's equity gaps? Does it address topics related to historically underrepresented populations or topics?

Content evaluation

The article's content is relevant to the topic on Internet Privacy. Rick to Internet privacy and regulations are both provided. The content is up-to-date and is recently updated. The discussion is relatively thorough, but it does not include topics related to historically underrepresented groups.

Tone and Balance

Guiding questions

Is the article neutral?
Are there any claims that appear heavily biased toward a particular position?
Are there viewpoints that are overrepresented, or underrepresented?
Does the article attempt to persuade the reader in favor of one position or away from another?

Tone and balance evaluation

The article is neutral. It does not appear to be biased to particular position. Viewpoints from both sides are presented.

Sources and References

Guiding questions

Are all facts in the article backed up by a reliable secondary source of information?
Are the sources thorough - i.e. Do they reflect the available literature on the topic?
Are the sources current?
Are the sources written by a diverse spectrum of authors? Do they include historically marginalized individuals where possible?
Check a few links. Do they work?

Sources and references evaluation

Most claims are backup with source and there is one that is labeled as require more citation. The sources are quite relevant, most of them from recent five years. The links I checked can work.

Organization

Guiding questions

Is the article well-written - i.e. Is it concise, clear, and easy to read?
Does the article have any grammatical or spelling errors?
Is the article well-organized - i.e. broken down into sections that reflect the major points of the topic?

Organization evaluation

The article is well-written. It does not include grammatical error. The articles is well-organized into several sections.

Images and Media

Guiding questions

Does the article include images that enhance understanding of the topic?
Are images well-captioned?
Do all images adhere to Wikipedia's copyright regulations?
Are the images laid out in a visually appealing way?

Images and media evaluation

The article includes a few images. They are captioned. However, I do not think they enhance the understanding of the topic because they do not provide any extra explanations. Pictures are surrounded by large amount of words. One picture comes from a government's website, which has no copyright. Another picture does not have an author.

Checking the talk page

Guiding questions

What kinds of conversations, if any, are going on behind the scenes about how to represent this topic?
How is the article rated? Is it a part of any WikiProjects?
How does the way Wikipedia discusses this topic differ from the way we've talked about it in class?

Talk page evaluation

This article is rated as level B. It is in WikiProject Internet and WikiProject Mass surveillance. The conversation involves what links should or should not be included, several discussions on external links.

Overall impressions

Guiding questions

What is the article's overall status?
What are the article's strengths?
How can the article be improved?
How would you assess the article's completeness - i.e. Is the article well-developed? Is it underdeveloped or poorly developed?

Overall evaluation

The overall status of the article is good. The strength is its discussion on "Risks to Internet Privacy", which includes a wide range of topics. The section on 'Legal threats" can be further developed. I would consider this article as complete.

Optional activity

Choose at least 1 question relevant to the article you're evaluating and leave your evaluation on the article's Talk page. Be sure to sign your feedback

with four tildes — ~~~~

Link to feedback:

Planning

The page I got assigned is Web Browsing History. It is a stub page right now. I will develop this page from following perspectives:

Privacy related to web browsing history: related laws and policies, people's attitudes
Application of web browsing history: target advertising/ behavior advertising
Protection of web browsing history

Links

Web Browsing History Draft 1

Within the realm of computing, web browsing history is the list of web pages a user has visited recently, as well as associated data such as page title and time of visit, which is recorded by web browser software as standard for a certain period of time. Web browser software does this in order to provide the user with a back button and a history list to go back to pages they have visited previously as well as displaying visited links (typically by coloring them purple) rather than relying on the user to remember where they have been on the web.

In addition to the web browser software itself, third-party services can also record a user's web browsing history (completely or partially). Web browsing history could used to provide service to users, but meanwhile also cause privacy concerns.

Applications

Targeted advertising

Targeted advertising presents users with advertisements that are more relevant to them based on their browsing behaviors.^[1]

Real-time bidding(RTB) is the method used behind targeted advertising. It is applied to determine which advertisement is shown the user. The information of the user, such as browsing history, is sent to not only the firm that wins the bidding, but also lots of all the bidding firms. This could lead to high privacy risks. ^[2]

When users receive targeted advertisements, they could clearly notice that these advertisements are targeted towards them. The response of users depend on whether they know their information is being collected. If users already know that their information are being collected, targeted advertisement could create a positive effect, leading to a higher click-through rate.^[2] However, if users do not know they their information are being collected ahead of time, they would be more concerned with their privacy.^[3] This could cause users less likely to use these personalized services, and therefore do not bring positive effect to the firms.^[2] The privacy concerns could be relieved if users trust the firms more. Since users value personalization such as targeted advertising more than their privacy, they would continue to make use of personalization services.^[3]

To solve the conflicts between uses' privacy and profits from targeted advertisements, one newly proposed system of is pay-per-tracking. A broker exists between users and advertisers. Users could decide whether to offer their personal information to the broker, and broker would send the personal information to firms. Meanwhile, users could receive monetary rewards for sharing their personal information. This could help protect privacy and tracking efficiency, but would lead to extra cost.^[4]

Personalized prizing

Personalized prizing is based on the idea that if a user purchases certain product frequently or pays a higher price for that product, the user could be charged a higher price for this product. Web browsing data could give reliable predictions on the purchasing behaviors of users. When using personalized pricing, profit of firms could increase 12.99% compared to status quo cases.^[5]

Personal web library

Personal web library is created by collecting and analyzing browsing data. It could help users to notice their browsing trend, time distribution, and most frequently used websites. Some users regard this function as helpful. ^[6]

Privacy

Web browsing history is not published anywhere publicly by default, whether users use their own browsers' functions or third-party services. However, almost all the websites are tracked by adwares and potentially unwanted programs (PUPs), which could track users' information without users' consent.^[7] Even users do not log into their accounts, their web browsing histories could still be connected to users.^[8]

Concerns

Users are more concerned with being monitored and less concerned with their locations being revealed.^[9] Based on one research, when users feel there is a risk in their privacy, their intention of disclosing their information will be lower, but their actions are not affected.^[10] Another source states that there is no significant difference between the intention and the action of disclosing privacy information.^[11]

When users have privacy concerns, they would make fewer use of online services.^[11] They would also make more protection measurements such as refusing to offer their information, offering false information, removing their information online, and complaining to people around them or to relevant organizations.^[12]

Protection

It is generally hard for users to notice the privacy link. Males users and younger users are more likely to ignore these notices.^[13]

Many users make use of ad blockers and deleting cookies to try protecting their web browsing history.^[9] However, most ad blockers do not offer enough guidance to users to help them improve their privacy awarenesses. More importantly, they rely on standard black and white list.^[14] These lists do not usually include the websites that are tracking users. Ad blockers could only be effective if these tracking domains are blocked.^[15]

References

Peer Review (Sauceboss12)

Peer review

Lead

The lead is pretty good containing an introductory sentence that is clear about the articles topic, also going over the major topics of the paper. One problem with the lead is that it is very long and has a lot of redundancies. I tried to cut down the redundancies in the copy edit.

Content

The articles topic is relevant to the topic and up to date. One thing with the content is that I feel that it is missing a major section of HOW the browsing history is being formed, I would consider adding this section as it is covered in the lead then talked about no where else. Additionally, personal prizing section and personal web library does not seem to go with the rest of the information, I would more explicitly relate it back to browsing history.

Tone and Balance

The article is somewhat neutral making claims both for and against having privacy with browsing history. Sourcing and References Most the facts in the article are backed dup by a reliable secondary source of information, which seem to be thorough and current. Additionally, the links where tested and seemed to work.

Organization

This article overall is well written one thing making it a bit hard to read is that some of the points are not concise and lead themselves to be redundant or repetitive. Little amount of spelling errors which were corrected in the copy edit. As stated earlier the personal prizing section and personal web library section do not seem to fit where they are.

Images and Media

NA

Overall impressions

These articles strengths are the use of sources and the integration of their findings into the data. One weakness of this article is the lack of some information talked about in the lead. This article can be improved by reducing some of the redundancies to make it flow better, adding a section about how browsing data is made, maybe different search engines, where its stored, more technical things ETC. For the completeness of this article I would say underdeveloped in some aspects.

Copy Edit

Web Browsing History[edit]

~~Within the realm of computing,~~ web browsing history is the list of web pages a user has visited ~~recently~~, as well as associated data such as page title and time of visit. This is recorded by the Web browser software in order to provide the user with a list to go back to pages they have visited previously as well as displaying visited links (typically by coloring them purple) ~~rather than relying on the user to remember where they have been on the web.~~

~~In addition to the web browser software itself,~~ third-party services can also record a user's web browsing history (completely or partially). Web browsing history could used to provide service to users, but meanwhile also cause privacy concerns.

Applications[edit]

Targeted advertising[edit]

Targeted advertising ~~is known as presenting~~ presents users with advertisements ~~that are more relevant to them~~ based on their browsing behaviors.

Real-time bidding(RTB) is the method used behind targeted advertising. It is applied to determine which advertisement is shown the user. The information of the user, such as browsing history, is sent to ~~not only~~ the firm that wins the bidding, but also lots of all firms that ~~are involved~~ were bidding. ~~This could lead to privacy risks since the user could be identified~~ This jeopardizes the user’s privacy releasing information which could lead to them being identified . When users receive targeted advertisements, they could clearly notice that these advertisements are targeted towards theym. The response of users depends on whether they know their information is being collected. If users already know that their information are being collected, targeted advertisement could create a positive effect, leading to a higher click-through rate. However, if users do not know they their information are being collected ahead of time, they would be more concerned with their privacy. This could cause users less likely to use these personalized services, and therefore do not bring positive effect to the firms. The privacy concerns could be relieved ~~when~~ if users trust the firms more. Since users value personalization such as targeted advertising more than their privacy, they would continue to make use of personalization services.

To solve the conflicts between uses' privacy and profits from targeted advertisements, ~~one newly proposed system of is~~ pay-per-tracking is used. In which a broker exists between users and advertisers. Users could decide whether to offer their personal information to the broker, and broker would send the personal information to firms. Meanwhile, users could receive monetary rewards for sharing their personal information. This could help protect privacy and tracking efficiency, but would lead to extra cost.

Personalized prizing[edit]

Personalized prizing is based on the idea that if a user purchases certain product frequently or pays a higher price for that product, the user c~~ould~~an be charged a higher price for this product. Web browsing history data could give reliable predictions on the purchasing behaviors of users. When using personalized pricing, profit of firms could increase 12.99% compared to status quo cases.

Personal web library[edit]

Personal web library is created by collecting and analyzing browsing data [by whom]. It could help users to notice their browsing trend, time distribution, and most frequently used websites. Some users regard this function as helpful.

Privacy[edit]

Web browsing history is not published anywhere publicly by default, whether users use their own browsers' functions or third-party services. However, almost all the websites are tracked by adwares and potentially unwanted programs (PUPs~~), which could~~ tracking users' information without ~~users~~ their consent. Even for users do not log into their accounts, their web browsing histories could still be connected to users.

Concerns[edit]

Users are becoming more concerned with being monitored and less concerned with their locations being revealed. ~~Based on one research,~~ when users feel there is a risk in their privacy, their intention of disclosing their information will be lower, but their actions are not affected. ~~Another source states that~~ however some studies find there is no significant difference between the intention and the action of disclosing privacy information.

When users have privacy concerns, they would make fewer use of online services. They would also make more protection measurements refusing to offer their information, offering false information, removing their information online, and complaining to people around them or to relevant organizations.

Protection[edit]

It is generally hard for users to notice ~~the privacy link~~ breach on privacy, with Males users and younger users are more likely to ignore these notices.

Many users make use of ad blockers and delet~~ing~~e cookies to try protecting their web browsing history. However, most ad blockers do not offer enough guidance to users to help them improve their privacy awareness. More importantly, they rely on standard black and white list. These lists do not usually include the websites that are tracking users. Ad blockers could only be effective if these tracking domains are blocked.

Peer review (Tinayyt)

This is where you will complete your peer review exercise. Please use the following template to fill out your review.

General info

Whose work are you reviewing? Panacotta101
Link to draft you're reviewing: Web browsing history

Lead

Guiding questions:

Has the Lead been updated to reflect the new content added by your peer?
Does the Lead include an introductory sentence that concisely and clearly describes the article's topic?
Does the Lead include a brief description of the article's major sections?
Does the Lead include information that is not present in the article?
- Is the Lead concise or is it overly detailed?

Do not see any update or new content added.

Lead evaluation

Content

Guiding questions:

Is the content added relevant to the topic?
Is the content added up-to-date?
Is there content that is missing or content that does not belong?
Does the article deal with one of Wikipedia's equity gaps? Does it address topics related to historically underrepresented populations or topics?

The content is uptodate and relevant to the topic.

Content evaluation

Tone and Balance

Guiding questions:

Is the content added neutral?
Are there any claims that appear heavily biased toward a particular position?
Are there viewpoints that are overrepresented, or underrepresented?
Does the content added attempt to persuade the reader in favor of one position or away from another?

The content is mostly neutral.

Tone and balance evaluation

Sources and References

Guiding questions:

Is all new content backed up by a reliable secondary source of information?
Are the sources thorough - i.e. Do they reflect the available literature on the topic?
Are the sources current?
Are the sources written by a diverse spectrum of authors? Do they include historically marginalized individuals where possible?
Check a few links. Do they work?

The reference are up to date.

Sources and references evaluation

Organization

Guiding questions:

Is the content added well-written - i.e. Is it concise, clear, and easy to read?
Does the content added have any grammatical or spelling errors?
Is the content added well-organized - i.e. broken down into sections that reflect the major points of the topic?

The organization is clear and concise.

Organization evaluation

Images and Media

Guiding questions: If your peer added images or media

Does the article include images that enhance understanding of the topic?
Are images well-captioned?
Do all images adhere to Wikipedia's copyright regulations?
Are the images laid out in a visually appealing way?

NO media.

Images and media evaluation

For New Articles Only

If the draft you're reviewing is a new article, consider the following in addition to the above.

Does the article meet Wikipedia's Notability requirements - i.e. Is the article supported by 2-3 reliable secondary sources independent of the subject?
How exhaustive is the list of sources? Does it accurately represent all available literature on the subject?
Does the article follow the patterns of other similar articles - i.e. contain any necessary infoboxes, section headings, and any other features contained within similar articles?
Does the article link to other articles so it is more discoverable?

This article seems to meet the Notability requirement, there is a list of sources but does not seems very complete. The article looks like a wikipedia article with infoboxes, and section headings.

New Article Evaluation

Overall impressions

Guiding questions:

Has the content added improved the overall quality of the article - i.e. Is the article more complete?
What are the strengths of the content added?
How can the content added be improved?

The article seems pretty complete, although some grammatical error should be fixed. Also. some content are not supported by reference which can be improved.

Overall evaluation

Web Browsing History Draft 2

Web browsing history is the list of web pages a user has visited, as well as associated data such as page title and time of visit. Web browsing history is usually collected by web browsers, and sometimes by third party organizations. Web browsing history could be used to provide various services to users. Meanwhile, it also causes privacy concerns that make users to take protection measures.

Overview

Web browsing history is typically recorded by web browsers in order to provide the user with a history list to go back to previously visited pages and to display links of previously visited pages, typically shown in purple. It can reflect users' interests, needs, and browsing habits.^[6]

Third party cookies also track users browsing history, usually for advertising. The information collected is shared over a network of advertisements, making advertisements to show up on different websites. ^[1]

Applications

Targeted advertising

Targeted advertising means presenting users with advertisements that are more relevant to them based on their browsing behaviors.^[1]

Real-time bidding(RTB) is the method used behind targeted advertising. It is applied to determine which advertisement is shown to the user. The information of the user, such as browsing history, is sent to not only the firm that wins the bidding, but also lots of all firms that are involved. This could lead to privacy risks since the user could be identified.^[2]

When users receive targeted advertisements, they could clearly notice that these advertisements are targeted towards them. The response of users depends on whether they know their information is being collected. If users already know that their information are being collected, targeted advertisement could create a positive effect, leading to a higher click-through rate. ^[2] However, if users do not know they their information are being collected ahead of time, they would be more concerned with their privacy.^[3] This could cause users less likely to use these personalized services, and therefore do not bring positive effect to the firms.^[2] The privacy concerns could be relieved when users trust the firms more. Since users value personalization such as targeted advertising more than their privacy, they would continue to make use of personalization services.^[3]

To solve the conflicts between users' privacy and profits from targeted advertisements, one newly proposed system is pay-per-tracking. A broker exists between users and advertisers. Users could decide whether to offer their personal information to the broker, and the broker would send the personal information to firms. Meanwhile, users could receive monetary rewards for sharing their personal information. This could help protect privacy and tracking efficiency, but would lead to extra cost.^[4]

Personalized pricing

Personalized pricing is based on the idea that if a user purchases a certain product frequently or pays a higher price for that product, the user could be charged a higher price for this product. Web browsing data could give reliable predictions on the purchasing behaviors of users. When using personalized pricing, profit of firms could increase 12.99% compared to status quo cases.^[5]

Personal web library

Personal web library is created by collecting and analyzing the web browsing history of the user. It could help the user to notice browsing trends, time distribution, and most frequently used websites. Some users regard this function as helpful.^[6]

Privacy

Web browsing history is not published anywhere publicly by default, whether users use their own browsers' functions or third-party services. However, almost all the websites are tracked by adwares and potentially unwanted programs (PUPs), collecting users' information without their consent.^[7] Even users do not log into their accounts, their web browsing histories could still be connected to users.^[8]

Concerns

Users are more concerned with being monitored and less concerned with their locations being revealed.^[9] When users feel there is a risk in their privacy, their intention of disclosing their information will be lower, but their actions are not affected.^[10] However, some studies finds that there is no significant difference between the intention and the action of disclosing privacy information.^[11]

When users have privacy concerns, they would make fewer use of online services.^[11] They would also make more protection measurements such as refusing to offer their information, offering false information, removing their information online, and complaining to people around them or to relevant organizations.^[12]

Protection

It is generally hard for users to notice breach on privacy, with males users and younger users are more likely to ignore these notices.^[13]

Many users make use of ad blockers and delete cookies to try protecting their web browsing history.^[9] However, most ad blockers do not offer enough guidance to users to help them improve their privacy awareness. More importantly, they rely on standard black and white list.^[14] These lists do not usually include the websites that are tracking users. Ad blockers could only be effective if these tracking domains are blocked.^[15]

Peer Review (SfWarriors99)

This is where you will complete your peer review exercise. Please use the following template to fill out your review.

General info

Whose work are you reviewing? Panacotta101
Link to draft you're reviewing: User:Panacotta101/sandbox#Web Browsing History Draft 2

Lead

Guiding questions:

Has the Lead been updated to reflect the new content added by your peer?
Does the Lead include an introductory sentence that concisely and clearly describes the article's topic?
Does the Lead include a brief description of the article's major sections?
Does the Lead include information that is not present in the article?
Is the Lead concise or is it overly detailed?

Lead evaluation

The lead is concise and specific by providing multiple facets of knowledge to support the subject. The lead includes an introductory sentence and is concise and clear to help define the article's topic. It includes information that is present in the major sections.

Content

Guiding questions:

Is the content added relevant to the topic?
Is the content added up-to-date?
Is there content that is missing or content that does not belong?
Does the article deal with one of Wikipedia's equity gaps? Does it address topics related to historically underrepresented populations or topics?

Content evaluation

The content added relevant information to the topic to support web browsing history knowledge and provide a few examples. It would be interesting to add info about how it impacts URM communities, too.

Tone and Balance

Guiding questions:

Is the content added neutral?
Are there any claims that appear heavily biased toward a particular position?
Are there viewpoints that are overrepresented, or underrepresented?
Does the content added attempt to persuade the reader in favor of one position or away from another?

Tone and balance evaluation

The content added is neutral and does not claim a particular side or position.

Sources and References

Guiding questions:

Is all new content backed up by a reliable secondary source of information?
Are the sources thorough - i.e. Do they reflect the available literature on the topic?
Are the sources current?
Are the sources written by a diverse spectrum of authors? Do they include historically marginalized individuals where possible?
Check a few links. Do they work?

Sources and references evaluation

The new content is backed up by reliable secondary sources of information that is current from a diverse spectrum of authors.

Organization

Guiding questions:

Is the content added well-written - i.e. Is it concise, clear, and easy to read?
Does the content added have any grammatical or spelling errors?
Is the content added well-organized - i.e. broken down into sections that reflect the major points of the topic?

Organization evaluation

The content is well written, concise, clear, and easy to read. The content added does not have any errors, but it does need more defined sections and organization.

Images and Media

Guiding questions: If your peer added images or media

Does the article include images that enhance understanding of the topic?
Are images well-captioned?
Do all images adhere to Wikipedia's copyright regulations?
Are the images laid out in a visually appealing way?

Images and media evaluation

NONE

For New Articles Only

If the draft you're reviewing is a new article, consider the following in addition to the above.

Does the article meet Wikipedia's Notability requirements - i.e. Is the article supported by 2-3 reliable secondary sources independent of the subject?
How exhaustive is the list of sources? Does it accurately represent all available literature on the subject?
Does the article follow the patterns of other similar articles - i.e. contain any necessary infoboxes, section headings, and any other features contained within similar articles?
Does the article link to other articles so it is more discoverable?

New Article Evaluation

Overall impressions

Guiding questions:

Has the content added improved the overall quality of the article - i.e. Is the article more complete?
What are the strengths of the content added?
How can the content added be improved?

Overall evaluation

The content has improved the overall quality of the article. The strengths are specifically defining the sections and creating structure. It can be improved by building on these sections.

Peer Review (Quackdon)

General info

Whose work are you reviewing? panacotta101
Link to draft you're reviewing: User:Panacotta101/sandbox#Web Browsing History Draft 2

Lead

Guiding questions:

Has the Lead been updated to reflect the new content added by your peer?
Does the Lead include an introductory sentence that concisely and clearly describes the article's topic?
Does the Lead include a brief description of the article's major sections?
Does the Lead include information that is not present in the article?
Is the Lead concise or is it overly detailed?

Lead evaluation

The lead has been updated to reflect new content added by my peer and the introductory sentence clearly reflects the article's topic. The lead includes a brief introduction of the article's major sections, but perhaps can be more precise and does not include information that's not present. For example, you may list the various activities of what web browsing can do. Generally speaking, the lead is concise and clear.

Content

Guiding questions:

Is the content added relevant to the topic?
Is the content added up-to-date?
Is there content that is missing or content that does not belong?
Does the article deal with one of Wikipedia's equity gaps? Does it address topics related to historically underrepresented populations or topics?

Content evaluation

The content added is relevant to the topic as it discusses the functions and concerns of web-browsing history. The content added is up to date and there aren't observable missing or content that does not belong. The article doesn't deal with equity gaps or address topics related to historically underrepresented populations or topics. I also appreciate the idea of including an example of how targeted advertising is carried out.

Tone and Balance

Guiding questions:

Is the content added neutral?
Are there any claims that appear heavily biased toward a particular position?
Are there viewpoints that are overrepresented, or underrepresented?
Does the content added attempt to persuade the reader in favor of one position or away from another?

Tone and balance evaluation

The content added is neutral and there aren't observable aspect of bias. I feel that the viewpoint regarding privacy issue may be expanded by further discussing the intersection between cookies and privacy, perhaps providing an overview of how cookies work. The content doesn't persuade the reader in favor of one position, it is holistic and informative.

Sources and References

Guiding questions:

Is all new content backed up by a reliable secondary source of information?
Are the sources thorough - i.e. Do they reflect the available literature on the topic?
Are the sources current?
Are the sources written by a diverse spectrum of authors? Do they include historically marginalized individuals where possible?
Check a few links. Do they work?

Sources and references evaluation

Yes, all content is backed up by a reliable secondary source of information and they have been cited throughout the article. The sources reflect the literature on the topic and they are current, averaging of a publication date of 2018. They are written by different authors and doesn't include historically marginalzed individuals.

Organization

Guiding questions:

Is the content added well-written - i.e. Is it concise, clear, and easy to read?
Does the content added have any grammatical or spelling errors?
Is the content added well-organized - i.e. broken down into sections that reflect the major points of the topic?

Organization evaluation

The content is well written. I think that the short sentences use enhances the concision and clarity. However, there is one observable grammar mistake in the lead.

"Meanwhile, it also causes privacy concerns that make users to take protection measures." - the 'to' can be removed, so it reads "Meanwhile, it also causes privacy concerns that make users take protection measures".

The content added is well-organized and are broken down into sections that reflect the major points of the topic.

Images and Media

Guiding questions: If your peer added images or media

Does the article include images that enhance understanding of the topic?
Are images well-captioned?
Do all images adhere to Wikipedia's copyright regulations?
Are the images laid out in a visually appealing way?

Images and media evaluation

No images added.

For New Articles Only

If the draft you're reviewing is a new article, consider the following in addition to the above.

Does the article meet Wikipedia's Notability requirements - i.e. Is the article supported by 2-3 reliable secondary sources independent of the subject?
How exhaustive is the list of sources? Does it accurately represent all available literature on the subject?
Does the article follow the patterns of other similar articles - i.e. contain any necessary infoboxes, section headings, and any other features contained within similar articles?
Does the article link to other articles so it is more discoverable?

New Article Evaluation

Overall impressions

Guiding questions:

Has the content added improved the overall quality of the article - i.e. Is the article more complete?
What are the strengths of the content added?
How can the content added be improved?

Overall evaluation

The content added improved the overall quality of the article, particularly in the concision aspect, which is the strength. I feel that the content can be improved by adding a real life example about the intersection between privacy concerns and web browsing history. Are there any privacy related scandals associated with web browsing history?

Web Browsing History Draft 3

Web browsing history refers to the list of web pages a user has visited, as well as associated data such as page title and time of visit. Web browsing history is collected by web browsers and third party organizations. Web browsing history could be used to provide various services and carry out researches. Meanwhile, it also causes privacy concerns that are make users difficult to protect themselves.

Overview

Web browsing history is originally recorded by web browsers in order to provide the user with a history list to go back to previously visited pages. It can reflect users' interests, needs, and browsing habits.^[6]

Third party organizations, also known as third party cookies, also track the user's browsing history, usually for the purpose of advertising. The information collected is shared over a network of advertisers, making advertisements to show up on different websites.^[1]

Applications

Targeted advertising

Targeted advertising means presenting the user with advertisements that are more relevant to one based on one's browsing history.^[1] A typical example is a user receives advertisements on shoes when browsing other websites after searching for shoes on shopping websites.

Real-time bidding(RTB) is the method used behind targeted advertising. It is applied to determine which advertisement is shown to the user. The information of the user, such as browsing history all firms that are involved in the bidding.^[2] Since it is a real-time process, information is usually collected without consent of the user and transferred in unencrypted form.^[16] The user has very limited information about how the information is collected, stored, and used.^[17]

When the user receives targeted advertisements, one could clearly notice that these advertisements are targeted. The response of the user depends on whether one knows the information is being collected. If the user already knows that the information is being collected, targeted advertisement could potentially create a positive effect, leading to a higher click-through rate.^[2] However, if the user is not informed about information collection ahead of time, one would be more concerned with privacy.^[3]

To solve the conflicts between privacy and profits, one newly proposed system is pay-per-tracking. A broker exists between users and advertisers. Users could decide whether to offer their personal information to the broker, and the broker would send the personal information to firms. Meanwhile, users could receive monetary rewards for sharing their personal information. This could help protect privacy and tracking efficiency, but would lead to extra cost.^[4]

Personalized pricing

Personalized pricing is based on the idea that if a user purchases a certain product frequently or pays a higher price for that product, the user could be charged a higher price for this product. Web browsing history could give reliable predictions on the purchasing behaviors of users. When using personalized pricing, profit of firms could increase 12.99% compared to status quo cases.^[5]

Research

Web browsing history could be used to facilitate research, such as revealing the browsing behavior of people. When a user browses extensively on one site, the probability of requesting an additional page decreases. When a user visits more sites, the likelihood of requesting extra pages reduces.^[18]

Web browsing history could also be used to create personal web library. Personal web library is created by collecting and analyzing the web browsing history of the user. It could help the user to notice browsing trends, time distribution, and most frequently used websites. Some users regard this function as helpful.^[6]

Privacy

Web browsing history is not published anywhere publicly by default. However, almost all the websites are tracked by adwares and potentially unwanted programs (PUPs), collecting users' information without their consent.^[7] Potential threats could be divided into two kinds, first-party cookies and third-party cookies. Third-party cookies are usually embedded on first-party websites and collect information from them.^[19] These tracking methods are usually allowed by platforms by default.^[16] With enough information available, users could be identified without log into their account.^[8]

Concerns

Users are more concerned with being monitored and less concerned with their locations being revealed.^[9] When users feel there is a risk in their privacy, their intention of disclosing their information will be lower, but their actions are not affected.^[10] However, some studies finds that there is no significant difference between the intention and the action of disclosing privacy information.^[11]

When users have privacy concerns, they would make fewer use of online services.^[11] They would also make more protection measurements such as refusing to offer their information, offering false information, removing their information online, and complaining to people around them or to relevant organizations.^[12]

Protection

It is generally hard for users to notice privacy policy links from all kinds of websites, with males users and younger users are more likely to ignore these notices.^[13]

Many users make use of ad blockers and delete cookies to try protecting their web browsing history.^[9] However, most ad blockers do not offer enough guidance to users to help them improve their privacy awareness. More importantly, they rely on standard black and white list.^[14] These lists do not usually include the websites that are tracking users. Ad blockers could only be effective if these tracking domains are blocked.^[15]

Reference

Peer Review (IntheHeartofTexas)

General info

Whose work are you reviewing? panacotta101
Link to draft you're reviewing: User:Panacotta101/sandbox#Web Browsing History Draft 2

Lead

Guiding questions:

Has the Lead been updated to reflect the new content added by your peer? yes
Does the Lead include an introductory sentence that concisely and clearly describes the article's topic? yes
Does the Lead include a brief description of the article's major sections? yes
Does the Lead include information that is not present in the article?no
Is the Lead concise or is it overly detailed? it is pretty concise

Lead evaluation

The lead is well informed and generally concise.

Content

Guiding questions:

Is the content added relevant to the topic? yes
Is the content added up-to-date? a mix. some sources are from ten years ago
Is there content that is missing or content that does not belong? no
Does the article deal with one of Wikipedia's equity gaps? Does it address topics related to historically underrepresented populations or topics? no. it would be interesting to see how this has affected certain populations.

Content evaluation

The content is relevant and detailed. Perhaps information about how underrepresented populations are effected.

Tone and Balance

Guiding questions:

Is the content added neutral? yes
Are there any claims that appear heavily biased toward a particular position? no
Are there viewpoints that are overrepresented, or underrepresented? no
Does the content added attempt to persuade the reader in favor of one position or away from another? no

Tone and balance evaluation

The content is neutral and there is any particular bias shown.

Sources and References

Guiding questions:

Is all new content backed up by a reliable secondary source of information? yes
Are the sources thorough - i.e. Do they reflect the available literature on the topic? yes
Are the sources current? some is from ten years ago, but it is pretty current.
Are the sources written by a diverse spectrum of authors? Do they include historically marginalized individuals where possible? yes; no
Check a few links. Do they work? yes

Sources and references evaluation

The sources are pretty diverse and they are relatively current.

Organization

Guiding questions:

Is the content added well-written - i.e. Is it concise, clear, and easy to read? yes
Does the content added have any grammatical or spelling errors? none discovered
Is the content added well-organized - i.e. broken down into sections that reflect the major points of the topic? yes

Organization evaluation

The content is well organized and well written.

Images and Media

Guiding questions: If your peer added images or media

Does the article include images that enhance understanding of the topic? no
Are images well-captioned?n/a
Do all images adhere to Wikipedia's copyright regulations? n/a
Are the images laid out in a visually appealing way?n/a

Images and media evaluation

No images added.

For New Articles Only

If the draft you're reviewing is a new article, consider the following in addition to the above.

Does the article meet Wikipedia's Notability requirements - i.e. Is the article supported by 2-3 reliable secondary sources independent of the subject? yes
How exhaustive is the list of sources? Does it accurately represent all available literature on the subject? pretty extensive
Does the article follow the patterns of other similar articles - i.e. contain any necessary infoboxes, section headings, and any other features contained within similar articles?no
Does the article link to other articles so it is more discoverable? yes

New Article Evaluation

Overall impressions

Guiding questions:

Has the content added improved the overall quality of the article - i.e. Is the article more complete? yes
What are the strengths of the content added? the range of content added
How can the content added be improved? I would love to have see any recent scandals are was it affect particular groups of people.

Peer review (Imakespaghetti29)

General info

Whose work are you reviewing? Panacotta101
Link to draft you're reviewing: Link

Lead

Guiding questions:

Has the Lead been updated to reflect the new content added by your peer?
Does the Lead include an introductory sentence that concisely and clearly describes the article's topic?
Does the Lead include a brief description of the article's major sections?
Does the Lead include information that is not present in the article?
Is the Lead concise or is it overly detailed?

Lead evaluation: The Lead has been updated to reflect the new content added; and includes an introductory sentence that concisely and clearly describes the article's topic. The Lead does include a brief description of the article's major sections and doesn't include information that isn't present in the article. The Lead is concise and not overly detailed.

Content

Guiding questions:

Is the content added relevant to the topic?
Is the content added up-to-date?
Is there content that is missing or content that does not belong?
Does the article deal with one of Wikipedia's equity gaps? Does it address topics related to historically underrepresented populations or topics?

Content evaluation: The content added is relevant to the topic and up-to-date. From my understanding of the topic, there is no content present that does not belong. The article does not deal with one of Wikipedia's equity gaps and does not address topics related to historically underrepresented populations or topics.

Tone and Balance

Guiding questions:

Is the content added neutral?
Are there any claims that appear heavily biased toward a particular position?
Are there viewpoints that are overrepresented, or underrepresented?
Does the content added attempt to persuade the reader in favor of one position or away from another?

Tone and balance evaluation: The content added is neutral and the claims do not appear heavily biased toward a particular position. No viewpoints are under or overrepresented and the content does not attempt to persuade the reader in favor of one position or away from another.

Sources and References

Guiding questions:

Is all new content backed up by a reliable secondary source of information?
Are the sources thorough - i.e. Do they reflect the available literature on the topic?
Are the sources current?
Are the sources written by a diverse spectrum of authors? Do they include historically marginalized individuals where possible?
Check a few links. Do they work?

Sources and references evaluation: The new content added is backed up by a reliable secondary source of information. The sources added yet are current, and thorough and do reflect the available literature on the topic. The sources I checked are written by a diverse spectrum of authors and do include historically marginalized individuals where possible. I checked a few links, and they do work!

Organization

Guiding questions:

Is the content added well-written - i.e. Is it concise, clear, and easy to read?
Does the content added have any grammatical or spelling errors?
Is the content added well-organized - i.e. broken down into sections that reflect the major points of the topic?

Organization evaluation: The content added is well-written and is concise, clear and easy to read. The content does not have any grammatical or spelling errors. The content added is well-organized and broken down into various sections that reflect the major points of the topic.

Images and Media

Guiding questions: If your peer added images or media

Does the article include images that enhance understanding of the topic?
Are images well-captioned?
Do all images adhere to Wikipedia's copyright regulations?
Are the images laid out in a visually appealing way?

Images and media evaluation: The article does include a very interesting image related to artwork related to browsing history, which is well-captioned. The images adhere to Wikipedia's copyright evaluations and are laid out in a visually appealing way. However, I do think the images could be more relevant and connected to the actual content.

For New Articles Only

If the draft you're reviewing is a new article, consider the following in addition to the above.

Does the article meet Wikipedia's Notability requirements - i.e. Is the article supported by 2-3 reliable secondary sources independent of the subject?
How exhaustive is the list of sources? Does it accurately represent all available literature on the subject?
Does the article follow the patterns of other similar articles - i.e. contain any necessary infoboxes, section headings, and any other features contained within similar articles?
Does the article link to other articles so it is more discoverable?

New Article Evaluation: This article is not a new article.

Overall impressions

Guiding questions:

Has the content added improved the overall quality of the article - i.e. Is the article more complete?
What are the strengths of the content added?
How can the content added be improved?

Overall evaluation: The content added improved the overall quality of the article and made the article more complete. The strengths of the content added is that it is detailed and descriptive and a good introduction to a reader new to the topic. The content can be improved by adding more detail to the various sections.

Web Browsing History Draft 4

Web browsing history refers to the list of web pages a user has visited, as well as associated data such as page title and time of visit. Web browsing history is collected by web browsers and third party organizations. Web browsing history could be used to provide various services and carry out researches. Meanwhile, it also causes privacy concerns that are make users difficult to protect themselves.

Overview

Web browsing history is originally recorded by web browsers in order to provide the user with a history list to go back to previously visited pages. It can reflect users' interests, needs, and browsing habits.^[6]

Web browsing history is also collected by websites, which could be divided into two kinds, first-party cookies and third-party cookies. Third-party cookies are usually embedded on first-party websites and collect information from them.^[19] The advantages of third-party cookies over first-party cookies are higher efficiency and data aggregation. While first-party cookies only have access to user's data on one website, third-party cookies could combine data collected from different websites to make the image of the user more complete. ^[19]

Applications

Targeted advertising

Targeted advertising means presenting the user with advertisements that are more relevant to one based on one's browsing history.^[1] A typical example is a user receives advertisements on shoes when browsing other websites after searching for shoes on shopping websites. One research shows that targeted advertising doubles the conversion rate of classical online advertising.^[20]

Real-time bidding(RTB) is the method used behind targeted advertising. It is applied to determine which advertisement is shown to the user. The information of the user, such as browsing history all firms that are involved in the bidding.^[2] Since it is a real-time process, information is usually collected without consent of the user and transferred in unencrypted form.^[16] The user has very limited information about how the information is collected, stored, and used.^[17]

When the user receives targeted advertisements, one could clearly notice that these advertisements are targeted. The response of the user depends on whether one knows the information is being collected. If the user already knows that the information is being collected, targeted advertisement could potentially create a positive effect, leading to a higher click-through rate.^[2] However, if the user is not informed about information collection ahead of time, one would be more concerned with privacy.^[3]

To solve the conflicts between privacy and profits, one newly proposed system is pay-per-tracking. A broker exists between users and advertisers. Users could decide whether to offer their personal information to the broker, and the broker would send the personal information to firms. Meanwhile, users could receive monetary rewards for sharing their personal information. This could help protect privacy and tracking efficiency, but would lead to extra cost.^[4]

Personalized pricing

Personalized pricing is based on the idea that if a user purchases a certain product frequently or pays a higher price for that product, the user could be charged a higher price for this product. Web browsing history could give reliable predictions on the purchasing behaviors of users. When using personalized pricing, profit of firms could increase 12.99% compared to status quo cases.^[5]

Research

Web browsing history could be used to facilitate research, such as revealing the browsing behavior of people. When a user browses extensively on one site, the probability of requesting an additional page decreases. When a user visits more sites, the likelihood of requesting extra pages reduces.^[18]

Web browsing history could also be used to create personal web library. Personal web library is created by collecting and analyzing the web browsing history of the user. It could help the user to notice browsing trends, time distribution, and most frequently used websites. Some users regard this function as helpful.^[6]

Privacy

Concerns

Web browsing history is not published anywhere publicly by default. However, almost all the websites are tracked by adwares and potentially unwanted programs (PUPs), collecting users' information without their consent.^[7] These tracking methods are usually allowed by platforms by default.^[16] With enough information available, users could be identified without log into their account.^[8]

When third-party cookies collect web browsing history of users from multiple websites, more information leads to increasing number of privacy issues. For example, a user browses news on one website and search for medical information on the other website. When the web browsing history from these two websites are combined, the user may be considered as interested in news related to medical topics.^[19] When browsing history from different websites are combined, it could reflect a more complete image of the person.

Protection

Users are more concerned with being monitored and less concerned with their locations being revealed.^[9] When users feel there is a risk in their privacy, their intention of disclosing their information will be lower, but their actions are not affected.^[10] However, some studies finds that there is no significant difference between the intention and the action of disclosing privacy information.^[11] When users have privacy concerns, they would make fewer use of online services.^[11] They would also make more protection measurements such as refusing to offer their information, offering false information, removing their information online, and complaining to people around them or to relevant organizations.^[12]

However, it is hard for users to protect their privacy due to multiple factors. It is generally hard for users to notice privacy policy links from all kinds of websites, with males users and younger users are more likely to ignore these notices.^[13] When leakage of privacy is less evident, users are generally less concerned. Users are also not equipped with enough technical knowledge to protect themselves even when they notice the leakage.^[16]

Users make use of ad blockers, delete cookies, avoid website that collect personal information to try protecting their web browsing history.^[9]^[17] However, most ad blockers do not offer enough guidance to users to help them improve their privacy awareness. More importantly, they rely on standard black and white list.^[14] These lists do not usually include the websites that are tracking users. Ad blockers could only be effective if these tracking domains are blocked.^[15]

Peer review (Bunny Shampoo)

General info[edit]

Whose work are you reviewing? Panacotta101
Link to draft you're reviewing: Link

Lead

Guiding questions:

Has the Lead been updated to reflect the new content added by your peer?
Does the Lead include an introductory sentence that concisely and clearly describes the article's topic?
Does the Lead include a brief description of the article's major sections?
Does the Lead include information that is not present in the article?
Is the Lead concise or is it overly detailed?

Lead evaluation: The Lead is concise and not overly detailed.

Content

Guiding questions:

Is the content added relevant to the topic?
Is the content added up-to-date?
Is there content that is missing or content that does not belong?
Does the article deal with one of Wikipedia's equity gaps? Does it address topics related to historically underrepresented populations or topics?

Content evaluation: The content added is relevant to the topic and up-to-date.

Tone and Balance

Guiding questions:

Is the content added neutral?
Are there any claims that appear heavily biased toward a particular position?
Are there viewpoints that are overrepresented, or underrepresented?
Does the content added attempt to persuade the reader in favor of one position or away from another?

Tone and balance evaluation: The content added is neutral and has no bias.

Sources and References

Guiding questions:

Is all new content backed up by a reliable secondary source of information?
Are the sources thorough - i.e. Do they reflect the available literature on the topic?
Are the sources current?
Are the sources written by a diverse spectrum of authors? Do they include historically marginalized individuals where possible?
Check a few links. Do they work?

Sources and references evaluation: The content is backed up by many sources. Although, when I went to check on the sources in reference section there was no links for me to click on.

Organization

Guiding questions:

Is the content added well-written - i.e. Is it concise, clear, and easy to read?
Does the content added have any grammatical or spelling errors?
Is the content added well-organized - i.e. broken down into sections that reflect the major points of the topic?

Organization evaluation: The content is clear and easy to read.

Images and Media

Guiding questions: If your peer added images or media

Does the article include images that enhance understanding of the topic?
Are images well-captioned?
Do all images adhere to Wikipedia's copyright regulations?
Are the images laid out in a visually appealing way?

Images and media evaluation: There is a good image.

For New Articles Only

If the draft you're reviewing is a new article, consider the following in addition to the above.

Does the article meet Wikipedia's Notability requirements - i.e. Is the article supported by 2-3 reliable secondary sources independent of the subject?
How exhaustive is the list of sources? Does it accurately represent all available literature on the subject?
Does the article follow the patterns of other similar articles - i.e. contain any necessary infoboxes, section headings, and any other features contained within similar articles?
Does the article link to other articles so it is more discoverable?

New Article Evaluation: There are good hyperlinks to other articles. It might be helpful to not hyper link the titles though.

Overall impressions

Guiding questions:

Has the content added improved the overall quality of the article - i.e. Is the article more complete?
What are the strengths of the content added?
How can the content added be improved?

Overall evaluation: It is a strong article, I feel like certain sections could be more expanded on such as pricing or research. Overall a good article.

Article feedback (Leadership)

Hi Panacotta101! Overall, great job on your article so far! It is written very clearly and concisely and it was really interesting to learn about web browsing history. I see that you have already cited more than 20 articles so that's great! Just make sure that all of the articles you annotated are being cited in this article. I also really like the image that you added as it really adds to the implications of web browsing history. One thing I would suggest is instead of adding hyperlinks to the sub-headings for "Targeted advertising" and "Personalized pricing", I would suggest using the Main article tag. This will remove the hyperlink from the headings, which will make it a bit cleaner, and it is also a great way to show readers that they can gain more information by going to the main article that is tagged. If you would like to do this, you can go to the "Insert" drop down menu, click on "Template" and type Main. Then, it will prompt you to type in the article title that you are trying to link it to. So for example, a main article tag for the Targeted advertising section would look like this:

Overall, great job and looking forward to reading your final article draft!

Peer review (Niangao)

This is where you will complete your peer review exercise. Please use the following template to fill out your review.

General info

Whose work are you reviewing? panacotta101
Link to draft you're reviewing:

Lead

Guiding questions:

Has the Lead been updated to reflect the new content added by your peer? yes
Does the Lead include an introductory sentence that concisely and clearly describes the article's topic? yes
Does the Lead include a brief description of the article's major sections? yes
Does the Lead include information that is not present in the article? no
Is the Lead concise or is it overly detailed? concise

Lead evaluation

Content

Guiding questions:

Is the content added relevant to the topic? yes
Is the content added up-to-date? yes
Is there content that is missing or content that does not belong? no
Does the article deal with one of Wikipedia's equity gaps? Does it address topics related to historically underrepresented populations or topics? no

Content evaluation

Tone and Balance

Guiding questions:

Is the content added neutral? yes
Are there any claims that appear heavily biased toward a particular position? no
Are there viewpoints that are overrepresented, or underrepresented? no
Does the content added attempt to persuade the reader in favor of one position or away from another? no

Tone and balance evaluation

Sources and References

Guiding questions:

Is all new content backed up by a reliable secondary source of information? yes
Are the sources thorough - i.e. Do they reflect the available literature on the topic?
Are the sources current?
Are the sources written by a diverse spectrum of authors? Do they include historically marginalized individuals where possible? yes
Check a few links. Do they work? yes

Sources and references evaluation

Organization

Guiding questions:

Is the content added well-written - i.e. Is it concise, clear, and easy to read?yes
Does the content added have any grammatical or spelling errors? no
Is the content added well-organized - i.e. broken down into sections that reflect the major points of the topic? yes

Organization evaluation

Images and Media

Guiding questions: If your peer added images or media

Does the article include images that enhance understanding of the topic? no
Are images well-captioned? yes
Do all images adhere to Wikipedia's copyright regulations? yes
Are the images laid out in a visually appealing way? yes

Images and media evaluation

For New Articles Only

If the draft you're reviewing is a new article, consider the following in addition to the above.

Does the article meet Wikipedia's Notability requirements - i.e. Is the article supported by 2-3 reliable secondary sources independent of the subject? yes
How exhaustive is the list of sources? Does it accurately represent all available literature on the subject?yes
Does the article follow the patterns of other similar articles - i.e. contain any necessary infoboxes, section headings, and any other features contained within similar articles?yes
Does the article link to other articles so it is more discoverable?yes

New Article Evaluation

Overall impressions

Guiding questions:

Has the content added improved the overall quality of the article - i.e. Is the article more complete? yes
What are the strengths of the content added?
How can the content added be improved?

Overall evaluation

This article is really well-written. it developed the concept Web Browsing History throughly. Maybe expanded more on Personalized pricing would be better.

Web Browsing History Draft 5

Web browsing history refers to the list of web pages a user has visited, as well as associated data such as page title and time of visit. Web browsing history is collected by web browsers and third party organizations. Web browsing history could be used to provide various services and carry out research. Meanwhile, it also causes privacy concerns that make users difficult to protect themselves.

Overview

Web browsing history is originally recorded by web browsers in order to provide the user with a history list to go back to previously visited pages. It is collected by web browsers. It can reflect users' interests, needs, and browsing habits.^[6]

Web browsing history is also collected by cookies on websites, which could be divided into two kinds, first-party cookies and third-party cookies. Third-party cookies are usually embedded on first-party websites and collect information from them.^[19] Third-party cookies has higher efficiency and data aggregation ability over first-party cookies. While first-party cookies only have access to user's data on one website, third-party cookies could combine data collected from different websites to make the image of the user more complete. ^[19] Meanwhile, several third-party cookies could exist on the same website. ^[19]

Applications

Targeted advertising

Targeted advertising means presenting the user with advertisements that are more relevant to one based on one's browsing history.^[1] A typical example is a user receives advertisements on shoes when browsing other websites after searching for shoes on shopping websites. One research shows that targeted advertising doubles the conversion rate of classical online advertising.^[20]

Real-time bidding(RTB) is the method used behind targeted advertising. It is a system that automatically bids up the price for presenting advertisements on certain websites.^[19] Advertisers decide how much they are willing to pay based on the target audience of the websites. Therefore, more information about the users could encourage advertisers to pay higher prices.^[19] The information of users, such as browsing history, is provided to all firms that are involved in the bidding.^[2] Since it is a real-time process, information is usually collected without consent of the user and transferred in unencrypted form.^[16] The user has very limited knowledge on how their information is collected, stored, and used.^[17]^[21]

The response of the user towards targeted advertising depends on whether one knows the information is being collected. If the user already knows that the information is being collected ahead of time, targeted advertisement could potentially create a positive effect, leading to a higher intention of clicking through the link.^[2] However, if the user is not informed about information collection, one would be more concerned with privacy. This will decrease one's intention of clicking through the link.^[2] Meanwhile, when the user considers the website as reliable, it is more possible for them to click through the link and accept the personalization service.^[2]^[3]

To solve the conflicts between privacy and profits, one newly proposed system is pay-per-tracking. A broker exists between users and advertisers. Users could decide whether to provide their personal information to the broker, and then the broker would send the personal information offered by users to advertisers. Meanwhile, users could receive monetary rewards for sharing their personal information. This could help protect privacy and tracking efficiency, but would lead to extra cost.^[4]

Personalized pricing

Personalized pricing is based on the idea that if a user purchases a certain product frequently or pays a higher price for that product, the user could be charged a higher price for this product. Web browsing history could give reliable predictions on the purchasing behaviors of users. When using personalized pricing, profit of firms could increase 12.99% compared to status quo cases.^[5]

Research

Web browsing history could be used to facilitate research, such as revealing the browsing behavior of people. When a user browses extensively on one site, the probability of requesting an additional page decreases. When a user visits more sites, the likelihood of requesting extra pages reduces.^[18]

Web browsing history could also be used to create personal web libraries. Personal web library is created by collecting and analyzing the web browsing history of the user. It could help the user to notice browsing trends, time distribution, and most frequently used websites. Some users regard this function as helpful.^[6]

Privacy

Concerns

Web browsing history is not published anywhere publicly by default. However, almost all the websites are tracked by adwares and potentially unwanted programs (PUPs) which collect users' information without their consents.^[7] These tracking methods are usually allowed by platforms by default.^[16] With enough information available, users could be identified without log into their account.^[8]

When third-party cookies collect web browsing history of users from multiple websites, more information leads to more privacy concerns. For example, a user browses news on one website and searches for medical information on the other website. When the web browsing history from these two websites are combined, the user may be considered as interested in news related to medical topics.^[19] When browsing history from different websites are combined, it could reflect a more complete image of the person.

Scandals

In 2006, AOL released large amount of data of its users, including search history. Although no user IDs or names was included, users could be identified based on the browsing history released.^[22] For example, user No. 4417749 was identified with her search history over three months.^[23]

In 2020, Avast, a popular antivirus software, has been accused of selling browsing history to third parties. It is under preliminary investigation of this accusation by officials of Czech Republic. The report shows that Avast sold users' data through Jumpshot, a marketing analytics tool. Avast claimed that users' personal information was not included in the leak. However, browsing history could be used to identify users. Avast shot down Jumpshot as a reply to this issue.^[24]

Protection

When the user feels there is a risk in privacy, one's intention of disclosing personal information will be lower, but the actions are not affected.^[10] However, some studies finds that there is no significant difference between the intention and the actions of disclosing privacy information, meaning the user will reduce actions of sharing personal information and take more protection measures when feeling concerned about privacy.^[11] When users have privacy concerns, they would make fewer use of online services.^[11] They would also make more protection measurements such as refusing to offer their information, offering false information, removing their information online, and complaining to people around them or to relevant organizations.^[12]

However, it is hard for users to protect their privacy due to multiple reasons. First, users do not have enough privacy awareness. They are not concerned about being tracked unless there are substantial impacts on them. They are also not aware of how their personal data contains commercial values.^[16] It is generally difficult for users to notice privacy policy links on all kinds of websites, with female users and older users are more likely to ignore these notices. Even when users notice privacy links, their information disclosure may not be affected.^[13] In addition, users are also not equipped with enough technical knowledge to protect themselves even when they notice privacy leakage. They are placed on the passive side with little room to change the situation.^[16]

Most users make use of ad blockers, delete cookies, avoid websites that collect personal information to try to protect their web browsing history from being collected.^[9]^[17] However, most ad blockers do not offer enough guidance to users to help them improve their privacy awareness. More importantly, they rely on standard black and white list.^[14] These lists do not usually include the websites that are tracking users. Ad blockers could only be effective if these tracking domains are blocked.^[15]

Peer review (Moonstar 0619)

This is where you will complete your peer review exercise. Please use the following template to fill out your review.

General info

Whose work are you reviewing? (provide username) Panacotta101
Link to draft you're reviewing: User:Panacotta101/sandbox
By Moonstar0619

Lead

Guiding questions:

Has the Lead been updated to reflect the new content added by your peer? yes
Does the Lead include an introductory sentence that concisely and clearly describes the article's topic? yes
Does the Lead include a brief description of the article's major sections? yes
Does the Lead include information that is not present in the article? no
Is the Lead concise or is it overly detailed? concise

Lead evaluation

The lead includes an introductory sentence that concisely and clearly describes the article's topic. However, the lead does not include a brief description of the article's major sections.

Content

Guiding questions:

Is the content added relevant to the topic? Yes
Is the content added up-to-date? Yes
Is there content that is missing or content that does not belong? No
Does the article deal with one of Wikipedia's equity gaps? Does it address topics related to historically underrepresented populations or topics? No

Content evaluation

The article's content is relevant to the topic and up-to date.

Tone and Balance

Guiding questions:

Is the content added neutral? Yes
Are there any claims that appear heavily biased toward a particular position? No
Are there viewpoints that are overrepresented, or underrepresented? No
Does the content added attempt to persuade the reader in favor of one position or away from another? No

Tone and balance evaluation

The article has a neutral tone as there is no claim that appears heavily biased toward a particular position. Most of the content is the description of web browsing history instead of viewpoints.

Sources and References

Guiding questions:

Is all new content backed up by a reliable secondary source of information? yes
Are the sources thorough - i.e. Do they reflect the available literature on the topic? yes
Are the sources current? yes
Are the sources written by a diverse spectrum of authors? Do they include historically marginalized individuals where possible? yes
Check a few links. Do they work? yes

Sources and references evaluation

All facts in the article are backed up by a reliable and thorough secondary source of information. Links of the source do work.

Organization

Guiding questions:

Is the content added well-written - i.e. Is it concise, clear, and easy to read? yes
Does the content added have any grammatical or spelling errors? No
Is the content added well-organized - i.e. broken down into sections that reflect the major points of the topic? yes

Organization evaluation

All facts in the article are backed up by a reliable and thorough secondary source of information. Links of the source do work.

Images and Media

Guiding questions: If your peer added images or media

Does the article include images that enhance understanding of the topic? yes
Are images well-captioned? yes
Do all images adhere to Wikipedia's copyright regulations? yes
Are the images laid out in a visually appealing way? yes

Images and media evaluation

The images used do enhance understanding of the topic and adhere to Wikipedia's copyright regulations.

For New Articles Only

If the draft you're reviewing is a new article, consider the following in addition to the above.

Does the article meet Wikipedia's Notability requirements - i.e. Is the article supported by 2-3 reliable secondary sources independent of the subject? yes
How exhaustive is the list of sources? Does it accurately represent all available literature on the subject? yes
Does the article follow the patterns of other similar articles - i.e. contain any necessary infoboxes, section headings, and any other features contained within similar articles? yes
Does the article link to other articles so it is more discoverable? yes

New Article Evaluation

The article does meet Wikipedia's Notability requirements. It also contains necessary infoboxes, section headings, and any other features contained within similar articles.

Overall impressions

Guiding questions:

Has the content added improved the overall quality of the article - i.e. Is the article more complete?
What are the strengths of the content added?
How can the content added be improved?

Overall evaluation

The article's overall status is relatively solid as the content is detailed and related to the topic. The article can be improved in the way of adding more relevant content.

Web Browsing History Final Draft

Web browsing history refers to the list of web pages a user has visited, as well as associated data such as page title and time of visit. It is usually collected by web browsers and third party organizations. Web browsing history could be used to provide services such as targeted advertising and carry out research. The provision of these services could cause privacy harder to protect.

Overview

Web browsing history is originally recorded by web browsers in order to provide the user with a history list to go back to previously visited pages. It is collected by web browsers. It can reflect users' interests, needs, and browsing habits.^[6]

Web browsing history is also collected by cookies on websites, which could be divided into two kinds, first-party cookies and third-party cookies. Third-party cookies are usually embedded on first-party websites and collect information from them.^[19] Third-party cookies have higher efficiency and data aggregation ability over first-party cookies. While first-party cookies only have access to user's data on one website, third-party cookies could combine data collected from different websites to make the image of the user more complete. ^[19] Meanwhile, several third-party cookies could exist on the same website. ^[19]

Applications

Targeted advertising

Targeted advertising means presenting the user with advertisements that are more relevant to one based on one's browsing history.^[1] A typical example is a user receiving advertisements on shoes when browsing other websites after searching for shoes on shopping websites. One research shows that targeted advertising doubles the conversion rate of classical online advertising.^[20]

Real-time bidding(RTB) is the method used behind targeted advertising. It is a system that automatically bids up the price for presenting advertisements on certain websites.^[19] Advertisers decide how much they are willing to pay based on the target audience of the websites. Therefore, more information about the users could encourage advertisers to pay higher prices.^[19] The information of users, such as browsing history, is provided to all firms that are involved in the bidding.^[2] Since it is a real-time process, information is usually collected without consent of the user and transferred in unencrypted form.^[16] The user has very limited knowledge on how their information is collected, stored, and used.^[17]^[21]

The response of the user towards targeted advertising depends on whether one knows the information is being collected. If the user already knows that the information is being collected ahead of time, targeted advertisement could potentially create a positive effect, leading to a higher intention of clicking through the link.^[2] However, if the user is not informed about information collection, one would be more concerned with privacy. This will decrease one's intention of clicking through the link.^[2] Meanwhile, when the user considers the website as reliable, it is more possible for them to click through the link and accept the personalization service.^[2]^[3]

To solve the conflicts between privacy and profits, one newly proposed system is pay-per-tracking. A broker exists between users and advertisers. Users could decide whether to provide their personal information to the broker, and then the broker would send the personal information offered by users to advertisers. Meanwhile, users could receive monetary rewards for sharing their personal information. This could help protect privacy and tracking efficiency, but would lead to extra cost.^[4]

Personalized pricing

Personalized pricing is based on the idea that if a user purchases a certain product frequently or pays a higher price for that product, the user could be charged a higher price for this product. Web browsing history could give reliable predictions on the purchasing behaviors of users. When using personalized pricing, profit of firms could increase 12.99% compared to status quo cases.^[5]

Research

Web browsing history could be used to facilitate research, such as revealing the browsing behavior of people. When a user browses extensively on one site, the probability of requesting an additional page decreases. When a user visits more sites, the likelihood of requesting extra pages reduces.^[18]

Web browsing history could also be used to create personal web libraries. Personal web library is created by collecting and analyzing the web browsing history of the user. It could help the user to notice browsing trends, time distribution, and most frequently used websites. Some users regard this function as helpful.^[6]

Privacy

Concerns

Web browsing history is not published anywhere publicly by default. However, almost all the websites are tracked by adwares and potentially unwanted programs (PUPs) which collect users' information without their consents.^[7] These tracking methods are usually allowed by platforms by default.^[16] With enough information available, users could be identified without log into their account.^[8]

When third-party cookies collect web browsing history of users from multiple websites, more information leads to more privacy concerns. For example, a user browses news on one website and searches for medical information on the other website. When the web browsing history from these two websites are combined, the user may be considered as interested in news related to medical topics.^[19] When browsing history from different websites are combined, it could reflect a more complete image of the person.

Scandals

In 2006, AOL released a large amount of data of its users, including search history. Although no user IDs or names was included, users could be identified based on the browsing history released.^[22] For example, user No. 4417749 was identified with her search history over three months.^[23]

In 2020, Avast, a popular antivirus software, has been accused of selling browsing history to third parties. It is under preliminary investigation of this accusation by officials of Czech Republic. The report shows that Avast sold users' data through Jumpshot, a marketing analytics tool. Avast claimed that users' personal information was not included in the leak. However, browsing history could be used to identify users. Avast shot down Jumpshot as a reply to this issue.^[24]

Protection

When the user feels there is a risk in privacy, one's intention of disclosing personal information will be lower, but the actions are not affected.^[10] However, some studies finds that there is no significant difference between the intention and the actions of disclosing privacy information, meaning the user will reduce actions of sharing personal information and take more protection measures when feeling concerned about privacy.^[11] When users have privacy concerns, they would make fewer use of online services.^[11] They would also make more protection measurements such as refusing to offer their information, offering false information, removing their information online, and complaining to people around them or to relevant organizations.^[12]

However, it is hard for users to protect their privacy due to multiple reasons. First, users do not have enough privacy awareness. They are not concerned about being tracked unless there are substantial impacts on them. They are also not aware of how their personal data contains commercial values.^[16] It is generally difficult for users to notice privacy policy links on all kinds of websites, with female users and older users are more likely to ignore these notices. Even when users notice privacy links, their information disclosure may not be affected.^[13] In addition, users are also not equipped with enough technical knowledge to protect themselves even when they notice privacy leakage. They are placed on the passive side with little room to change the situation.^[16]

Most users make use of ad blockers, delete cookies, avoid websites that collect personal information to try to protect their web browsing history from being collected.^[9]^[17] However, most ad blockers do not offer enough guidance to users to help them improve their privacy awareness. More importantly, they rely on standard black and white list.^[14] These lists do not usually include the websites that are tracking users. Ad blockers could only be effective if these tracking domains are blocked.^[15]

References

^ ^a ^b ^c ^d ^e ^f ^g ^h Hennig, Nicole. 2018. “Privacy and security online: best practices for cybersecurity”. Library Technology Reports 54(3): 1-37.
^ ^a ^b ^c ^d ^e ^f ^g ^h ⁱ ^j ^k ^l ^m ⁿ ^o ^p ^q ^r Aguirre, Elizabeth, Dominik Mahr, Dhruv Grewal, Ko de Ruyter, Martin Wetzels. 2015. “Unraveling the Personalization Paradox: The Effect of Information Collection and Trust-Building Strategies on Online Advertisement Effectiveness”. Journal of Retailing 91(1): 34-49.
^ ^a ^b ^c ^d ^e ^f ^g ^h Chellap, Ramnath K., Raymond G. Sin. 2005. “Personalization versus Privacy: An Empirical Examination yes of the Online Consumer’s Dilemma”. Information Technology Management 6(1): 181-202.
^ ^a ^b ^c ^d ^e ^f Parra-Arnau, Javier. 2017. “Pay-per-tracking: A collaborative masking model for web browsing”. Information Sciences 385-386(1): 96-124.
^ ^a ^b ^c ^d ^e ^f Shiller, Benjamin Reed. 2020. “Approximating purchase propensities and reservation prices from broad consumer tracking”. International Economic Review 61(2): 847-870.
^ ^a ^b ^c ^d ^e ^f ^g ^h ⁱ ^j ^k Du, Weidan, Zhenyu Cheryl Qian, Paul Parsons, Yingjie Victor Chen. 2018. “Personal Web Library: organizing and visualizing Web browsing history”. International Journal of Web Information Systems 14(2): 212-232.
^ ^a ^b ^c ^d ^e ^f Urban, Tobias, Dennis Tatang, Thorsten Holz, Norbert Pohlmann. 2019. “Analyzing leakage of personal information by malware”. Journal of Computer Security 27(4): 459-481.
^ ^a ^b ^c ^d ^e ^f Puglisi, Silvia, David Rebollo-Monedero, Jordi Forne. 2017. “On web user tracking of browsing patterns for personalised advertising”. International Journal of Parallel, Emergent & Distributed Systems 32(5): 502-521.
^ ^a ^b ^c ^d ^e ^f ^g ^h ⁱ ^j Wills, Craig H., Mihajlo Zeljkovic. 2011. “A personalized approach to web privacy: awareness, attitudes and actions”. Information Management & Computer Security 19(1) 53-73.
^ ^a ^b ^c ^d ^e ^f Norberg, Patricia A., Daniel R.Horne, and David A. Horne. 2007. “The Privacy Paradox: Personal Information Disclosure Intentions versus Behaviors”. The Journal of Consumer Affairs 41(1): 100-126.
^ ^a ^b ^c ^d ^e ^f ^g ^h ⁱ ^j ^k ^l Baruh, Lemi, Ekin Secinti, Zeynep Cemalcilar. 2017. “Online Privacy Concerns and Privacy Management: A Meta-Analytical Review”. Journal of Communication 67(1): 26-53.
^ ^a ^b ^c ^d ^e ^f Son, Jai-Yeol, Sung S. Kim. 2008. “Internet Users' Information Privacy-Protective Responses: A Taxonomy and a Nomological Model”. MIS Quarterly 32(3): 503-529.
^ ^a ^b ^c ^d ^e ^f Rodríguez-Priego, Nuria, Rene van Bavel, Shara Monteleone. 2016. “The disconnection between privacy notices and information disclosure: an online experiment”. Economia Politica: Journal of Analytical and Institutional Economics 33(3): 433-461.
^ ^a ^b ^c ^d ^e ^f Malandrino, Delfina, Vittorio Scarano. 2013. “Privacy leakage on the Web: Diffusion and countermeasures”. Computer Networks 57(14): 2833-2855.
^ ^a ^b ^c ^d ^e ^f Ahmad, Bashir Muhammad, Wilson Christo. 2018. “Diffusion of User Tracking Data in the Online Advertising Ecosystem”. Proceedings on Privacy Enhancing Technologies 2018(4): 85-103.
^ ^a ^b ^c ^d ^e ^f ^g ^h ⁱ ^j ^k ^l ^m Estrada-Jimenez, Jose, Javier Parra-Arnau, Ana Rodriguez-Hoyos, Jordi Forne. 2017. “Online advertising: Analysis of privacy threats and protection approaches”. Computer Communications 100(1): 32-51.
^ ^a ^b ^c ^d ^e ^f ^g Evans, David S. 2009. "The Online Advertising Industry: Economics, Evolution, and Privacy". Journal of Economic Perspectives 23 (3): 37-60.
^ ^a ^b ^c ^d Bucklin, Randolph E., Catarina Sismeiro. 2003. “A Model of Web Site Browsing Behavior Estimated on Clickstream Data”. Journal of Marketing Research 40(3): 249-267.
^ ^a ^b ^c ^d ^e ^f ^g ^h ⁱ ^j ^k ^l ^m ⁿ ^o ^p Binns, Reuben, and Elettra Bietti. 2020. “Dissolving Privacy, One Merger at a Time: Competition, Data and Third Party Tracking”. Computer Law & Security Review: The International Journal of Technology Law and Practice 16(1): 1-19.
^ ^a ^b ^c Beales, Howard (2010). "The Value of Behavioral Targeting". Network Advertising Initiative.
^ ^a ^b Estrada-Jimenez, Jose, Javier Parra-Arnau, Ana Rodríguez-Hoyos, Jordi Forne. 2019. “On the regulation of personal data distribution in online advertising platforms”. Engineering Applications of Artificial Intelligence 82(1): 13-29.
^ ^a ^b Kawamoto, Dawn (Aug 9, 2006). "AOL apologizes for release of user search data". CNET. Retrieved Nov 27, 2020.{{cite news}}: CS1 maint: url-status (link)
^ ^a ^b Barbaro, Michael; Zeller Jr., Tom (Aug 9, 2006). "A Face Is Exposed for AOL Searcher No. 4417749". The New York Times. Retrieved Nov 27, 2020.{{cite news}}: CS1 maint: url-status (link)
^ ^a ^b Morris, Chris (Feb 13, 2020). "Popular antivirus software Avast under investigation for selling user browsing histories". Fortune. Retrieved Nov 27, 2020.{{cite news}}: CS1 maint: url-status (link)

[:4-1] ^ ^a ^b ^c ^d ^e ^f ^g ^h Hennig, Nicole. 2018. “Privacy and security online: best practices for cybersecurity”. Library Technology Reports 54(3): 1-37.

[:5-2] ^ ^a ^b ^c ^d ^e ^f ^g ^h ⁱ ^j ^k ^l ^m ⁿ ^o ^p ^q ^r Aguirre, Elizabeth, Dominik Mahr, Dhruv Grewal, Ko de Ruyter, Martin Wetzels. 2015. “Unraveling the Personalization Paradox: The Effect of Information Collection and Trust-Building Strategies on Online Advertisement Effectiveness”. Journal of Retailing 91(1): 34-49.

[:1-3] ^ ^a ^b ^c ^d ^e ^f ^g ^h Chellap, Ramnath K., Raymond G. Sin. 2005. “Personalization versus Privacy: An Empirical Examination yes of the Online Consumer’s Dilemma”. Information Technology Management 6(1): 181-202.

[:6-4] ^ ^a ^b ^c ^d ^e ^f Parra-Arnau, Javier. 2017. “Pay-per-tracking: A collaborative masking model for web browsing”. Information Sciences 385-386(1): 96-124.

[:7-5] ^ ^a ^b ^c ^d ^e ^f Shiller, Benjamin Reed. 2020. “Approximating purchase propensities and reservation prices from broad consumer tracking”. International Economic Review 61(2): 847-870.

[:8-6] ^ ^a ^b ^c ^d ^e ^f ^g ^h ⁱ ^j ^k Du, Weidan, Zhenyu Cheryl Qian, Paul Parsons, Yingjie Victor Chen. 2018. “Personal Web Library: organizing and visualizing Web browsing history”. International Journal of Web Information Systems 14(2): 212-232.

[:9-7] ^ ^a ^b ^c ^d ^e ^f Urban, Tobias, Dennis Tatang, Thorsten Holz, Norbert Pohlmann. 2019. “Analyzing leakage of personal information by malware”. Journal of Computer Security 27(4): 459-481.

[:10-8] ^ ^a ^b ^c ^d ^e ^f Puglisi, Silvia, David Rebollo-Monedero, Jordi Forne. 2017. “On web user tracking of browsing patterns for personalised advertising”. International Journal of Parallel, Emergent & Distributed Systems 32(5): 502-521.

[:2-9] ^ ^a ^b ^c ^d ^e ^f ^g ^h ⁱ ^j Wills, Craig H., Mihajlo Zeljkovic. 2011. “A personalized approach to web privacy: awareness, attitudes and actions”. Information Management & Computer Security 19(1) 53-73.

[:11-10] ^ ^a ^b ^c ^d ^e ^f Norberg, Patricia A., Daniel R.Horne, and David A. Horne. 2007. “The Privacy Paradox: Personal Information Disclosure Intentions versus Behaviors”. The Journal of Consumer Affairs 41(1): 100-126.

[:3-11] ^ ^a ^b ^c ^d ^e ^f ^g ^h ⁱ ^j ^k ^l Baruh, Lemi, Ekin Secinti, Zeynep Cemalcilar. 2017. “Online Privacy Concerns and Privacy Management: A Meta-Analytical Review”. Journal of Communication 67(1): 26-53.

[:12-12] ^ ^a ^b ^c ^d ^e ^f Son, Jai-Yeol, Sung S. Kim. 2008. “Internet Users' Information Privacy-Protective Responses: A Taxonomy and a Nomological Model”. MIS Quarterly 32(3): 503-529.

[:13-13] ^ ^a ^b ^c ^d ^e ^f Rodríguez-Priego, Nuria, Rene van Bavel, Shara Monteleone. 2016. “The disconnection between privacy notices and information disclosure: an online experiment”. Economia Politica: Journal of Analytical and Institutional Economics 33(3): 433-461.

[:14-14] ^ ^a ^b ^c ^d ^e ^f Malandrino, Delfina, Vittorio Scarano. 2013. “Privacy leakage on the Web: Diffusion and countermeasures”. Computer Networks 57(14): 2833-2855.

[:15-15] ^ ^a ^b ^c ^d ^e ^f Ahmad, Bashir Muhammad, Wilson Christo. 2018. “Diffusion of User Tracking Data in the Online Advertising Ecosystem”. Proceedings on Privacy Enhancing Technologies 2018(4): 85-103.

[:16-16] ^ ^a ^b ^c ^d ^e ^f ^g ^h ⁱ ^j ^k ^l ^m Estrada-Jimenez, Jose, Javier Parra-Arnau, Ana Rodriguez-Hoyos, Jordi Forne. 2017. “Online advertising: Analysis of privacy threats and protection approaches”. Computer Communications 100(1): 32-51.

[:17-17] ^ ^a ^b ^c ^d ^e ^f ^g Evans, David S. 2009. "The Online Advertising Industry: Economics, Evolution, and Privacy". Journal of Economic Perspectives 23 (3): 37-60.

[:18-18] Bucklin, Randolph E., Catarina Sismeiro. 2003. “A Model of Web Site Browsing Behavior Estimated on Clickstream Data”. Journal of Marketing Research 40(3): 249-267.

[:19-19] ^ ^a ^b ^c ^d ^e ^f ^g ^h ⁱ ^j ^k ^l ^m ⁿ ^o ^p Binns, Reuben, and Elettra Bietti. 2020. “Dissolving Privacy, One Merger at a Time: Competition, Data and Third Party Tracking”. Computer Law & Security Review: The International Journal of Technology Law and Practice 16(1): 1-19.

[:20-20] Beales, Howard (2010). "The Value of Behavioral Targeting". Network Advertising Initiative.

[:0-21] Estrada-Jimenez, Jose, Javier Parra-Arnau, Ana Rodríguez-Hoyos, Jordi Forne. 2019. “On the regulation of personal data distribution in online advertising platforms”. Engineering Applications of Artificial Intelligence 82(1): 13-29.

[:21-22] Kawamoto, Dawn (Aug 9, 2006). "AOL apologizes for release of user search data". CNET. Retrieved Nov 27, 2020.{{cite news}}: CS1 maint: url-status (link)

[:22-23] Barbaro, Michael; Zeller Jr., Tom (Aug 9, 2006). "A Face Is Exposed for AOL Searcher No. 4417749". The New York Times. Retrieved Nov 27, 2020.{{cite news}}: CS1 maint: url-status (link)

[:23-24] Morris, Chris (Feb 13, 2020). "Popular antivirus software Avast under investigation for selling user browsing histories". Fortune. Retrieved Nov 27, 2020.{{cite news}}: CS1 maint: url-status (link)

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