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Sleep inertia is a physiological state characterised by a decline in motor dexterity and a subjective feeling of grogginess immediately following an abrupt awakening. The impaired alertness may interfere with the ability to perform mental or physical tasks.[1][2] Sleep inertia can also refer to the tendency of a person wanting to return to sleep.
Sleep inertia occurs normally after awakening. Upon awakening, subjective alertness and mental performance are significantly impaired.[3] Morning sleep inertia may take several hours to dissipate. In the majority of cases, morning sleep inertia is experienced for 15 to 30 minutes after waking.[4]
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Sleep inertia is a physiological state of impaired cognitive and sensory-motor performance that is present immediately after awakening. It persists during the transition of sleep to wakefulness, where an individual will experience feelings of drowsiness, disorientation and a decline in motor dexterity.[1][2] Impairment from sleep inertia may take several hours to dissipate. In the majority of cases, morning sleep inertia is experienced for 15 to 60 minutes after waking.[4]
Sleep inertia is a concern for individuals where decision making abilities, safety-critical tasks and the ability to operate efficiently are important soon after awakening. This proposes an occupational hazard due to the cognitive and motor deficits characteristic of sleep inertia.
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One theory is that sleep inertia is caused by the build-up of adenosine in the brain during NREM sleep. Adenosine then binds to receptors, and feelings of tiredness result. Sleep inertia may also be the result of lower levels of glucose being available than during wakefulness
Upon reviewing the citations for this specific information, I found that this citation on the "build up of adenosine in the brain leading to sleep inertia" was a primary article. Therefore, I was able to do some research on my own and find a review article about how adenosine build-up in the brain leads to a feeling of tiredness and sleep inertia.
The gradual dissipation of sleep inertia could be attributed to the effects of Glucagon on Glycogen shortly after awakening, and the gradual increase in blood glucose to a normal level, assisted and achieved by eating as well.[citation needed]
Furthermore, this statement that reducing sleep inertia could be attributed to the effects of Glucagon on Glycogen does not have a citation, so the information should not be used in the Sleep Inertia Wikipedia Article.
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Causes
- Studies have shown that abrupt awakening during stage 3 sleep, slow wave sleep (SWS), produces more sleep inertia than awakening during sleep stages 1, 2 or REM sleep[5]
- Prior sleep deprivation increases the percentage of time spent in slow wave sleep (SWS). Therefore, an individual who was previously sleep deprived will have a greater chance of experiencing sleep inertia.[5]
- Adenosine levels in the brain progressively increase with sleep deprivation, and return to normal during sleep. Upon awakening with sleep deprivation, high amounts of adenosine will be bound to receptors in the brain, neural activity slows down, resulting a feeling of tiredness [6]
- Studies show that individuals express a lack of blood flow to the brain upon awakening. Levels of cerebral blood flow (CBF) and cerebral blood flow velocities (CBFV) will take up to 30 minutes to increase and reach daytime levels. During times of decreased blood flow to the brain, an individual will experience sleep inertia due to adenosine build-up on receptors in the brain, as well as insufficient levels of blood glucose available. [5]
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- ^ a b Tassi, P.; Muzet, A. (2000). "Sleep inertia". Sleep Medicine Reviews. 4 (4): 341–353. doi:10.1053/smrv.2000.0098. PMID 12531174.
- ^ a b Wertz, A.T.; Ronda, J.M.; Czeisler, C.A.; Wright Jr, K.P. (2006). "Effects of Sleep Inertia on Cognition". JAMA: the Journal of the American Medical Association. 295 (2): 163–4. doi:10.1001/jama.295.2.163. PMID 16403927.
- ^ Jewett, ME; Wyatt, JK; Ritz-De Cecco, A; Khalsa, SB; Dijk, DJ; Czeisler, CA (1999). "Time course of sleep inertia dissipation in human performance and alertness". Journal of Sleep Research. 8 (1): 1–8. doi:10.1111/j.1365-2869.1999.00128.x.
- ^ a b "What Is Sleep Inertia? - Sleeping Expert". Sleeping Expert. Retrieved 2015-11-09.
- ^ a b c "The sleep inertia phenomenon during the sleep-wake transition: Theoretical and operational issues (PDF Download Available)". ResearchGate. Retrieved 2017-05-02.
- ^ Newman, Rachel A.; Kamimori, Gary H.; Wesensten, Nancy J.; Picchioni, Dante; Balkin, Thomas J. "Caffeine Gum Minimizes Sleep Inertia". Perceptual and Motor Skills. 116 (1): 280–293. doi:10.2466/29.22.25.pms.116.1.280-293.