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A transient ischemic attack (TIA) is a brief episode of neurological dysfunction caused by loss of blood flow (ischemia) in the brain, spinal cord, or retina, without tissue death (infarction). TIAs have the same underlying mechanism as ischemic strokes. Both are caused by a disruption in cerebral blood flow (CBF). The definition of TIA was classically based on duration of neurological symptoms. The current widely-accepted definition is called "tissue-based" because it is based on imaging, not time. The American Heart Association and the American Stroke Association (AHA/ASA) now define TIA as a brief episode of neurological dysfunction with a vascular cause, with clinical symptoms typically lasting less than one hour, and without evidence of tissue death (infarction) on imaging.

TIAs cause the same symptoms associated with stroke, such as paralysis, weakness, or numbness on one side of the body. Symptoms occur on the opposite side of the body from the affected hemisphere of the brain (contralateral hemiparesis or hemianesthesia). A TIA may cause sudden dimming or loss of vision (amaurosis fugax), difficulty speaking or understanding speech (aphasia), slurred speech (dysarthria), and confusion (altered mental status). But unlike a stroke, the symptoms of a TIA can resolve within a few minutes or within 24 hours. Brain injury may still occur in a TIA lasting only a few minutes. Having a TIA is a risk factor for eventually having a stroke or a silent stroke.A transient ischemic attack (TIA) is a brief episode of neurological dysfunction caused by loss of blood flow (ischemia) in the brain, spinal cord, or retina, without tissue death (infarction). TIAs have the same underlying mechanism as ischemic strokes. Both are caused by a disruption in cerebral blood flow (CBF). The definition of TIA was classically based on duration of neurological symptoms. The current widely-accepted definition is called "tissue-based" because it is based on imaging, not time. The American Heart Association and the American Stroke Association (AHA/ASA) now define TIA as a brief episode of neurological dysfunction with a vascular cause, with clinical symptoms typically lasting less than one hour, and without evidence of tissue death (infarction) on imaging.

TIAs cause the same symptoms associated with stroke, such as paralysis, weakness, or numbness on one side of the body. Symptoms occur on the opposite side of the body from the affected hemisphere of the brain (contralateral hemiparesis or hemianesthesia). A TIA may cause sudden dimming or loss of vision (amaurosis fugax), difficulty speaking or understanding speech (aphasia), slurred speech (dysarthria), and confusion (altered mental status). But unlike a stroke, the symptoms of a TIA can resolve within a few minutes or within 24 hours. Brain injury may still occur in a TIA lasting only a few minutes. Having a TIA is a risk factor for eventually having a stroke or a silent stroke.

A silent stroke, also known as silent cerebral infarct (SCI), differs from a TIA in that there are no immediately observable symptoms. An SCI may still cause long lasting neurological dysfunction affecting such areas as mood, personality and cognition. An SCI often occurs before or after a TIA or major stroke.

A cerebral infarct that lasts longer than 24 hours but fewer than 3 weeks is called a reversible ischemic neurologic deficit or RIND.

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